Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay

Reflection (1) Philosophy & Ethics; â€Å"allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too naà ¯ve to know better†. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see â€Å"the consequences of our views†, because what we think & know might not be right â€Å"inconsistent†. What is Ethics? â€Å"Ethics deals with what we should and should not do, what acts are â€Å"good† and â€Å"wrong† â€Å". Ethics in my point of view is a very crucial yet sensitive controversial topic (Fluffy?).As humans there are defiantly dos and don’ts since the day of our birth, but since this is molded and inferred by ones culture, community, circumstances. These rules tend to change from one place to another (region, family culture, religion), also from times to others (eras). It is important to have ethics in our lives to co-exist as humans and have predictable consequences. The difficult part is the sensitive part, where the people are not open enough for change, sometimes not open minded enough for simply discussing their ethics, believes or their code of life, and just want to impose believes, culture, any form of ethics on others who don’t want to follow (you can’t please everyone when it comes to ethics). I personally follow somewhat a mixture of Deontological, virtue Ethics. Reflection (2) There is a difference between your molarity and your professional morality, where your morality doesn’t it always corresponds to the morality that your profession dictates. On the other hand the reason that a person would chooses a certain profession is because of its attractive value system that matches his/her morality and values, but it’s not always the case as discussed in class some people have the ability to switch entirely between their personal and professional lives, and some might be put in a position that opposes their morality and they are fully responsible for their actions and fully aware of the consequences that might follow. Ethics in information communication technology discipline is quite new, mainly because the major advancement in this system is fairly new as well, where it’s constantly changing and developing. The discipline now also occupied a huge rule in our daily lives, where we are almost always in contact with technology from the moment we wake up till the moment we sleep. Digital media significantly now alters our ethical responsibility on one another, because now we live in the digital world â€Å"we can’t assume that our ways work for everyone†, since the world not too long ago wasn’t that close, actions and data didn’t travel that fast, people and cultural ethics were preserved and rarely affected. In the meantime now data is flying everywhere the once local is now global in minutes maybe seconds and it’s just too soon unstudied cultural shocks and misunderstanding occur more often, but with this misunderstanding with the right people is corrected for good and others misconceived for good. By these experiences some therefore ethically knowing the cultural difference would tend to rethink before doing something offensive or controversial to avoid troubles. Reflections (3) Privacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ we are our data† I do believe that. I also believe that if we are our data we can’t be denied the freedom of using, sharing or hiding it, because it’s a part of you. In this era of computer technology our data can be our thoughts regardless it might be moral or not it still belong to us, where in any other age than ours, it would have been kept the way you choose it to be, but now you can’t help but to feel stalked or judged. The floating â€Å"malleable† â€Å"greased† data privacy is a two edged sword, it can protect from evil and can cause evil and misfortune. And since evil and misfortune always exists and always will, the way it was before is known, which the freedom of our privacy choices is and that is because it will at least control one known evil which is this data misuse. Reflections (4) Intellectual freedom is a basic human right for all humans of all cultures and believes. This freedom has to be respected and protected universally. Furthermore I believe even if this is a basic human right, it must not be abused, and that’s where ethics and morality acts in, because even though you are entitled to your own opinion the person must bear in mind that words are very powerful and can do harm. The controversy between censorship and intellectual freedom, where one of the requirements of intellectual freedom to be fulfilled is that â€Å"the society makes an equal commitment to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work/and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information.†

Narrative Essay. A Day of Mixed Happiness and Sadness Essay

Do you think that it’s unbelievable to feel happy and sad at the same time? Actually, it is really possible to feel these two feelings inasmuch since it is something that happened to me five years ago when I graduated from college. I was happy because it was my graduation party, but I was sad because we my classmates and me – would go our separate ways again after four years of being in a close-knit relationship. . First of all, as I had gotten up earlier than usual and prepared myself for the party, I arrived at college early. Of course I was really happy at that time and I took a seat next to my classmates, my friends. After a little time, as our classmates, guests and our teachers arrived at the large hall, the party began with the reciting of some Quranic verses, and the welcoming speech. Then we listened to the speeches of the rector of the university – University of Aden, the dean of the faculty of Education-Aden and the graduates’ valedictorian. After that we enjoyed some celebratory sections of the party, such as watching a play and listening to some popular and pleasant songs performed by some students. The official party of our graduation ended up with announcing the names of the honor students and distributing certificates of appraisal at the finale at the time at which we heard the call to Al-Dhuhr prayer. Then, after prayer everyone in our group was ready for the special party of our group – group two – at the college campus. It had been agreed the day before by the group students to bring lunch, cake and drinks. So we began to eat those delicious homemade meals and then moved to have some cakes, and sweets as one real family. When everybody had finished eating, the group party started pleasantly with remembering and discussing our college memories and stories with hearts full of nostalgia longing to return to those sweet past days and moments. Lastly, despite the concealed feelings of sadness and nostalgia, we had some moments of fun and amusement when some of our female classmates brought some humorous evaluations they had prepared about the personalities of most of us. But as we began to talk about our farewell and asked each other to write down some memorable notes in their notebooks as well, feelings got triggered until some eyes filled with tears and the hearts of all became full of mixed happiness and sadness, hopes and disappointments and also waves of nostalgia for the beloved past and storms of longing for the hoped future. To conclude, of course, on our significant date of graduation, we separated as it was the farewell day, but we made our way of communicating with each other by creating a group on â€Å"Facebook† with the same name of our study group. And we learned a lot throughout this experience, such as â€Å"whomever you like, some day you will be parted from† and we knew that this is the mores of life, which has its advantages and disadvantages in our points of view. Finally, my graduation party was so exciting because I graduated from college; on the other hand, that day was one of the saddest days of my life as a result of separating us after four years of brotherhood, intimacy, friendship and closeness.

British decolonisation in Africa Essay

Within the context of 1880-1980, to what extent did British actions accelerate British decolonisation in Africa? In the later years of the 19th century the scramble for the African continent by Western imperialist powers was reaching its climax. It appeared that the â€Å"dark continent† was to be no longer â€Å"dark†, but to be the product of Western colonial expansion with several European countries dividing up the land. No where was this more apparent than with Britain whose Empire was at its height at the turn of the century. Egypt, for instance, was a colony for 40 years (1882-1922) with its pinnacle at the turn of the century; however the decolonisation of the country as early as this is an anomaly in itself as only South Africa had previously been granted independence by the British, albeit as a self-governing dominion. In a bizarre turn of events which historians still debate today, the Empire crumbled and by the 1970s only two African states remained British colonies: Rhodesia and South West Africa. The Empire had taken the best part of a century to amalgamate, yet was mostly swept away in just over a decade. Many reasons have been proposed for the vast acceleration of decolonisation including economic difficulties at the metropole (Cain and Hopkins)1 and the rise of local nationalist movements (Hodgkin)2. More recently the actions of the British have been cited as a possible factor for the acceleration of decolonisation in Africa, marking a change in the historiography of the period. Turner3 and Lapping4 are promoters of this theory, which is gaining credence in the academic world. The 1945 election of the Labour party is a watershed in decolonisation acceleration. WW2 had recently ended which marked a shift in British culture and society, including a changed attitude to Empire. Interestingly, whilst many of the new Cabinet were anti-imperialists, the new government did not have a direct plan to fully decolonise. It was more a case of the Empire having to take a â€Å"backseat† to far more pressing matters: imperialism, in effect, slipped through the cracks of government. The party was elected on the mandate of and closely focused upon British welfare; the African colonies were working and therefore the government’s attention was deviated, however it was one of the actions directed at the metropole which accelerated independence for many colonies. The introduction of the Welfare State in 1948 led many Britons to consider the priority and indeed the importance of the Empire when compared to home-grown issues. WW2 brought increased globalisation and it is possible that through this many British citizens saw their needs ahead of the colonies: an archaic and out-of-date segment of British foreign policy. If the colonies had representation in the British Parliament and were a province of, rather than simply a colony of Great Britain, this attitude may have been different: French Algeria, for instance, was certainly more respected at the metropole then any of Britain’s African colonies. There is a debate however, as to whether the British public had undergone a liberal revolution or were simply acting with self-interest. White has theorised that the latter is true, citing that the reason as to why â€Å"the colonies were ditched was to release resources for domestic welfare spending†5. Moreover, the fact National Service was revoked in 1960 reduced Britain’s ability to defend its colonies against uprising nationalist movements: conscription was ended through self-interest, as the majority of British youths didn’t want to have to fight in the far off terrains of Sub-Saharan Africa. This further implies that the average British citizen was becoming disinterested by the Empire or, at the very least, impartial to its future. I will cover nationalism in greater depth below, but with such a lack of metropole interest, the Empire could not be expected to last long. The British action of electing a Labour government effectively, in an indirect form, acc elerated decolonisation for many of the African colonies. WW1 expanded the Empire both geographically and as a world power, with Britain gaining several new mandates from the Ottoman Empire. The geographical expansion of the Empire post-WW1 and the reluctance of the metropole to grant these new mandates independence6, imply that attitudes had not changed and many (both in government and in society) saw the Empire as a credible and useful segment of British politics: therefore, with the exception of the more economically advanced Egypt, African decolonisation by the British did not occur between the wars. Rather, many African colonies developed and became more stable societies. Take the Gold Coast for instance: between the wars its economy, communications and education became, to a certain extent, â€Å"Westernised† and the country flourished. Admittedly this led to the acceleration of nationalist movements in the area which, in turn, accelerated decolonisation, but the country was undeniably prospering due to the British-led government of the time.7 Many citizens of the African colonies (including Egypt and the Gold Coast) fought alongside British soldiers in WW1 and the respect and prestige for the peoples increased because of it. Indeed, the 1914-1939 era can be seen as one of the strongest periods of the British African Empire. This implies that a post-1945 factor (e.g. the Suez Crisis, see below) accelerated decolonisation. In comparison, World War 2 accelerated decolonisation at a far greater rate than many could have imagined just a few years prior. Effectively, the war established rather paradoxically that imperialism (both British and otherwise) was both positive and negative. Ferguson has noted that the British Empire sacrificed itself to stop the spread of the evil empire of Nazi Germany: indeed, the British Empire had â€Å"never had a finer hour†8 than when it was self-sacrificing. During the war it was inevitable that Britain would have to, to a certain extent, neglect the colonies to focus on defeating the enemy. Through this the colonies became more independent having to, for example, source resources and engage in trade without the aid of the metropole. Moreover, the colonial peoples had a greater influence on the running of their societies; in effect, many became informal dominions. This, combined with the policies of the 1945 Labour government, further fuelled nationalism which accelerated decolonisation; in a way similar to how the two World Wars improved women’s rights in Britain, the wars seemed to suggest that many colonies could govern effectively on their own. Previously, only the more economically and politically stable societies had been granted independence (e.g. South Africa, 1910) and several colonies (e.g. the Gold Coast) seemed to show similar traits during the war. The Second World War didn’t lead directly to decolonisation, but it is this British action which occurred because of the conflict that accelerated decolonisation in British Africa. The end of WW2 bought increased globalisation and a new world order, where the enemy didn’t appear to be Nazism or Fascism, but rather the expansion of the Soviet Bloc and the spread of communism: the Cold War was just beginning to ignite. Along with the notion of changed attitudes of the British people, there is also the argument that the Empire really didn’t fit into the new world. Now, the split between East and West had never been more apparent and British Africa looked like an oddity: along with the passing of new welfare legislation at the metropole and the changing attitudes of the British people, Britain needed to abolish the Empire for two reasons directly related to the Cold War: to concentrate efforts on halting the spread of communism and to appease the anti-imperialist US, who Britain now required as an ally more than ever before. Moreover, the world order was now unclear and Britain had far greater problems to worry about than what their small African colo nies were up to: put bluntly, the new threat of nuclear inhalation seemed more important than the political shortcomings of, say, Somalia. While WW2 does spell out more crucial factors for the acceleration of decolonisation, the Cold War is another smaller factor which just added to the need to decolonise. The post-WW2 economy is a further crucial factor in the acceleration of decolonisation. Britain was no longer able to withstand the fiscal costs of Empire; this was coupled with a lack of substantial profit coming into the metropole from the African colonies. Economically, WW2 was a great strain on Britain with the country coming out of the war in great debt; she required a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145million from the US alone9. Britain was exhausted and worn down, both figuratively and physically. Many cities required money to rebuild, some from scratch, plus food badly needed to be imported following years of intense rationing. Moreover, the introduction of the welfare state (see above) required significant funding. As said, attitudes to Empire were changing which, combined with the need for intense spending on the homeland, led to many seeing the African colonies simply as a drain on Britain’s already scarce resources. Britain made the situation worse: during the war she had und erstandably concentrated on producing munitions for her troops, resulting in fewer exports to the colonies. Many turned away from the metropole and looked to alternate suppliers, including their own land which inevitably fuelled nationalism further. Moreover, two acts (The Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945) were passed during wartime which forced the British government to further invest in the colonial economies10, therefore making an already problematic economic situation worse. It is possible that the government felt it was â€Å"backed into a corner† and simply did not have the patience or money to rebuild the colonies and the metropole: they had become, or at least had the potential to become, a major rupture on the British economy – a rupture Britain could not afford to fix, but only to cut out completely. In the early 20th century when British imperialism was at its height, Hobson11 saw the expansion of Britain in Africa as purely economic and an underhand method to help capitalists at the metropole – this opinion was endorsed by Lenin in 191 612 and, in an albeit modified form, by the historian Darwin in 1984: â€Å"more completely than ever before, economics and empire had come together†13. More recently, Cain and Hopkins14 have suggested that imperialism in Africa was established by â€Å"gentleman capitalists†15 who were simply aiming to make profit out of the African land. Of course, if this is the case, then with the post-war debt experienced in 1945 it would have been difficult to make money from these colonies, leading to decolonisation. The decolonisation of African colonies would effectively make Britain a richer country, therefore agreeing with the views expressed by Cain and Hopkins and others: the Empire had served its purpose of aiding Britain’s wealth but now it was draining it and, as such, it was time for it to go. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was one of the most decisive British actions in the 20th century to accelerate decolonisation in Africa. Former Prime Minister Harold MacMillan once remarked that it is â€Å"events, dear boy, events†16 which determine the success of a premiership. The term â€Å"event† is almost too light of a phrase to use when considering the Suez Crisis: not only did it annihilate Anthony Eden’s administration, but it was also the launching pad for many factors which saw British decolonisation vastly accelerated. There are two key elements of the crisis which paved the way to said factors: the deception employed by the imperialist powers of Britain and France, plus the apparent overreaction to a simple act of nationalisation by a head of state. Both these factors led to the reputations of the countries involved and international relations been damaged, as well as a decrease in trade. Britain was the driving force behind the attack hence she was particu larly wounded with the political and economic fallout: for one, the special relationship with the United States was harmed (Secretary of State John Foster Dulles claimed the British government had explicitly â€Å"lied to [him]†17) and, more critically for this inquiry, her reputation within the African continent was damaged. Britain looked small and corrupt, a mere shadow of her former colonial self; she was attempting to throw her imperialist weight around in a world which it didn’t seem to fit. Nasser had successfully stood up to the Western powers and won, thus undermining Britain and France, plus providing inspiration to the many oppressed colonies. However, it is possible that the reaction did not provoke the level of international condemnation that is contemporarily considered, showing a difference in historiography. To the African colonies, former British dominions that had experienced colonialism and anti-imperialist powers such as the USA, then yes, it is likely that Britain’s reputation was damaged. However, to other imperialists it is possible that the government simply appeared to be standing firm with a tyrant. World War 2 had been won only 11 years prior, hence the memory of what tyrannical dictators can achieve was still fresh in most leaders’ minds. Eden may have appeared noble and selfless, â€Å"destroying not just his own political career but a carefully-crafted reputation built up over more than 20 years†18 for the greater good of a safer world, or at least a more economically stable Great Britain. White has proposed that â€Å"there [were] a number of lacklustre continuities, rather than dramatic discontinuities†19 in imperialist policy following Eden’s departure: a government memorandum circulated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, for instance, made no mention of impending decolonisation20. Suez was not so much a watershed, but a temporary setback in Britain’s imperial decline, indicating other factors are responsible. Economically, the Egyptian nationalisation of the canal posed a significant danger to Britain as 2/3 of the country’s oil utilised the waterway. The chief reason as to why Britain intervened in the first place (and, indeed, retained the Canal Zone in 1922) was that the government simply did not trust the Egyptians to efficiently control â€Å"the windpipe†21 of the British economy. Post-crisis, Britain’s humiliation resulted in a trade decrease and a â€Å"catastrophic†22 run on the pound, resulting in her appearing not only politically and militarily weak but also financially weak. This situation, which was caused by the Suez Crisis, meant that Britain could no longer afford to support the African colonies, implying that the British action of invading the Suez Canal Zone led to one of the factors which brought about the Empire’s collapse. Combined, these factors inspired nationalist movements within the colonies and general condemnation of imperial ism, which also accelerated decolonisation. The crisis is unique as not only did it, to a certain extent accelerate decolonisation, but it is also one of the very few examples of where a British action greatly damages the standing of the Empire. Prior to Suez, Britain was surprisingly cautious with decolonisation (with regard to Africa, only 4 of her 24 colonies had been decolonised at this point); arguably this was to retain an Empire, but also to ensure that the new societies were ready to govern. It was only following the Suez debacle that decolonisation accelerated, implying that previously Britain had took great care over the handovers of power. South Africa was a stable society when decolonised in 1910 and, looking further afield, so were Australia, Canada and India. To many other countries and colonies, Britain appeared now unable to continue to be the metropole of a successful Empire. After all, if the dictator of a former colony could cause a country such ridicule, how could they be expected to carry on maintaining a successful Empire? Comparatively with White23, Turner has called the crisis a â€Å"military failure and political disaster†24, whilst Lapping has referred to it as the â€Å"imperial cataclysm†25 in decolonisation acceleration. The crisis was highly influential in the eventual collapse of the British Empire in Africa but it did not lead directly to decolonisation, rather greatly accelerated it. The rise of nationalism within the African colonies inevitably accelerated decolonisation; advocates of this theory argue that for decolonisation to occur there needs to be an opposition force to the â€Å"status quo† government (in this case, colonial British rule), thereby giving the people a choice. Looking throughout history at the Empire as a whole gives this theory credibility: look at the violent independence battles of the 13 North American colonies in 1783 or India in 1947, and compare that to the peaceful colony of the Falkland Islands which still exists today. The previous decolonisation record of the British government, plus the 1947 granting of independence to India, no doubt sent the message that it â€Å"was only a matter of time† before the African colonies were decolonised. India specifically was the â€Å"jewel in the crown† of the British Empire and as such its decolonisation will have led many, both in the colonies and abroad, to see the Empir e as deteriorating. This accelerated nationalist movements within the African colonies, with India referencing the beginning of the end. After all, if India could be granted independence through a powerful and violent nationalist movement, then why couldn’t the other far less prestigious colonies? Indian independence inspired others to rise up and attempt to take back control of their lands, accelerating the decolonisation process for British Africa. Similarly, plus to reiterate an earlier point, the Suez Crisis accelerated nationalism: Nasser appeared to be the â€Å"David† who had managed to annihilate the imperialist â€Å"Goliath†. This inspired nationalism in other colonies to grow and attempt to take back control of their lands: after all, if Nasser could manage it then why couldn’t they? Harold MacMillan’s â€Å"Winds of Change† speech four years later further inspired this nationalism as, for the first time, the government officially acknowledged the ine vitability of decolonisation. The speech sent the message to many colonial peoples that nationalism was acceptable: for the first time in almost 100 hundred years, power was given to the Africans. MacMillan was acknowledging that the British government could no longer afford to sustain an Empire and would be willing to pass power to the local peoples if they should so wish. The speech had a great effect as over the next ten years 88% of Britain’s remaining African colonies were granted independence; by 1968, only two remained. Nationalism was suddenly acceptable which encouraged those who may have been content to be a colony to rise up against imperialism. This speech, combined with Britain’s poor economic situation and damaged credibility following Suez, vastly accelerated decolonisation. Moreover, the vast majority of British colonies were underdeveloped both economically and socially which further advanced nationalism. Take Nigeria for instance: the peoples were so against colonial oppression many began to â€Å"strike† from work – a surprisingly Western phenomenon implying the people were more integrated than they may have wished to believe. It is estimated that from 1945-50, over 100,000 working days were lost in Nigeria to strike action against colonial rule26. Even the Gold Coast (the â€Å"very model†27 of a colony) was not free of such demonstrations against imperialism: February 1948 witnessed a violent protest, resulting in the deaths of two British servicemen28. One only has to look at Kenya and the Mau Mau rebellions to see further evidence of increasing dissent with British imperialism. It had, to use the words of one modern historian, turned into a â€Å"rapid scuttle†29 of local nationalism. The Gold Coast was decolonized in 1957 but had been allowed to gradually master the art of modern government over many years, leading to a much more stable society post-independence, making it the â€Å"very model of decolonisation†30. In comparison, when Nigeria was swiftly decolonised in 1960 the government was a weak coalition with limited power – two army coups followed in 1964 and 1966. Britain’s damaged reputation in the continent prevented stable governments from being created, resulting in far more fragile states today. French Algeria (despite been a province of the metropole) saw terrible violence between the FLN and colons: to use a term of warfare, the Algerian nationalists utilised violent guerrilla tactics to spread their cause, resulting in a great amount of destruction and loss of life. Algeria bullied itself into independence in 1962 further showing that imperial metropoles were not as powerful as they once were. It is an exaggeration perhaps, but it can be said that the Suez Crisis was the first instance which led to these new states’ political and economic troubles which still exist today. Look at Egypt and South Africa today or, from a more international perspective, India and Australia, all of which were granted independence pre-1956 and compare them to the troubled states of Nigeria, Kenya (1963) and Somalia (1960). The acceleration of British decolonisation in the latter half of the 20th century is the opposite of what the government and imperialists like the legendary Cecil Rhodes would have imagined just 60-70 years previously. They had fought sometimes bloody battles for the expansion of the British Empire into the â€Å"less civilised† areas of the world, yet now the government was seemingly trying to get rid of the Empire in as rapid and inefficient way as possible. Multiple factors account for the sudden acceleration of decolonisation, but most come back to the actions of the British: if Britain had, for instance, provided more support and direct governance in a Westernised style (as seen in the Gold Coast), her colonies would have developed at a greater rate leading to a greater level of content from the colonial peoples. However her neglect and exploitation of her own people led to dissent within the colonies, leading many to â€Å"want out† before they were politically ready. The most pivotal British action which is continually referred back to is the 1956 Suez Crisis: for the first time in the Empire’s history, the British appeared militarily, politically and economically weak, causing many in the African colonies to quite fairly believe they could run their countries better. Nationalism was inevitable, and the international conflicts of the Cold War and the two World Wars couldn’t be stopped, implying that Britain herself was responsible for the downfall of her own Empire. If the crisis hadn’t occurred then the Empire would have faded away through gradual decolonisation as each territory became more economically, politically and socially developed; instead, the Crisis turned decolonisation of Africa into a â€Å"rapid scuttle†31, with Britain almost retreating into a corner trying to distance herself as far as possible from the embarrassment of 1956. Today, it is easy to see that decolonisation was inevitable; the Suez Crisis just accelerated that inevitability. One of the world’s greatest Empires was established by one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it is only fitting that it was destroyed by one of the most disgraced – it is just unfortunate they were both Great Britain. 1 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 2 Hodgkin, T., 1956, Nationalism in Colonial Africa 3 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 4 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 5 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 32 6 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 16 7 McLaughlin, J. L., 1994, The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast 8 Ferguson, N., 2004, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 9 Rohrer, F., 10/05/2006, BBC News [Online] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm] [Accessed 25/04/2010] 10 Chamberlain, M.E., 1985, Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, Pg 35 11 Hobson, J.A., 1902, Imperialism: A Study 12 Lenin, V., 1916, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 13 Darwin, J., 1984, British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?, Pg 197 14 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 15 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 16 Beckett, F., 2006, MacMillan, Pg 97 17 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 79 18 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 128 19 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 85 20 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 128 21 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 96 22 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 84 23 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945 24 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 25 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 26 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 48 27 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 28 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 49 29 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227 30 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 31 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227

Antibodies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Antibodies - Essay Example It is used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins and is used as solvent for surfactants, paints and cleaning agents1. It is also used as antifreeze for de-icing aircrafts at airports as it lowers the freezing point of water. Recent applications include use as a humectant and a preservative. It is used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical preparations and also in electronic cigars2. The structure of 1,2-Propanediol comprises of three carbons with a stereogenic center at the central carbon3. It exists in two racemic forms: S and R as shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Chemical structure (S and R form) of 1,2-propanediol 3 1,2-Propanediol as well as 1,3-Propanediol can be manufactured though bioengineered microorganisms. By turning on and off some genes, it is possible to make the microorganism overproduce a specific metabolic product. As shown in figure 2, the intermediate metabolism of Escherichia coli can be shifted to produce 1,2 and 1,3-propanediol using enzymes such as aldose reductase from rat lens, E. coli glycerol dehydrogenase and Klebsiella pneumoniae glycerol dehydrogenase and 1,3-propanedioloxidoreductase4. There are various biochemical pathways through which 1,2-propanediol can be produced. Figure 2: Metabolic pathway engineering of E. ... It was shown that E. coli can grow on the L-fucose and L-rhamnose deoxy sugars as sole carbon and energy sources resulting in the production of propanediol. The first instance of metabolic engineering to produce 1,2-propanediol was when Altaras and Cameron metabolically bioengineered the 1,2-propanediol pathway in E. coli7. In 1999, they reported that E. coli that overexpressed methylglyoxal synthase gene produced 1,2-propanediol. Expression of methylglyoxal synthase or glycerol dehydrogenase led to anaerobic production of around 0.25 g of 1,2-propanediol per liter. The yield was found to be higher both the enzymes were coexpressed7. The development After their first report of the production of 1,2-propanediol from metabolically engineering E. coli, Altaras and Cameron again in 2000 published another report. This time they reported enhanced production of 1,2-propanediol8. They investigated three methods. First method involved the elimination of lactate byproduct. The second method in volved the construction of a complete pathway from dihydroxyacetone phosphate – an intermediate of the glycolytic cycle. The third method involved bioprocessing improvements through fed-batch fermentation using the best bioengineered strains. They were able to successfully produced a final yield of 0.19 g of 1,2-propanediol per gram of consumed glucose. Many later studies have investigated the production of 1,2-propanediol by metabolically engineered bacteria. Berrios-Rivera, San and Bennett studied the effects of various cofactor manipulations on the production of 1,2-propanediol9. They used sugars that were similar to glucose and that can be fed into glycolysis for pyruvate production. The sugars used had different oxidation

Short answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short answers - Assignment Example s under threat from the middle class who come between the ruling royal family and the subjects therefore creating a friction between kings and subjects. While the US Republic Party proposes to introduce legislations in different economic sectors, the principles of laissez-faire notes introduction of legislations in the manufacturing industry was to blame for the improvisation for many in the country. 12. How did the economic situation in Germany at the 1848 Revolutions differ from that of England and France according to Friedrich Engels analysis of that region in chapter I of his commentary on those revolutions? In Germany the feudal system was still prevalent compared to England and France where its influence had reduced while the bourgeoisie in Germany were not as wealthy as was the case in both England and France. 13. What was the connection between the financial problems of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1848 and the political demands of the middle classes in that state as described in chapter II of Engel’s study? 14. Why, according to Engels in chapter III, was there a close relationship between opposition to orthodox Protestant or Catholic religious practice and belief and political opposition of the governments of the smaller German states of the 1840s? Religion whether catholic or protestant was considered part of the law and therefore to oppose the church was like opposing the government this means calls to break away from the main church would also be linked to calls for formation of smaller German states. 16. How, according to Engels’ chapter VI, did the Prussian Democrats under who took direction of government in that state in March 1848 divide the from the working class and peasant populations who up-risings had created the revolution? 18. Identify reasons why, according to Anarchist thinker Emma Goldman in Marriage and Love (1911), most women are reduced to base motivations, economic dependency upon men and general unhappiness within

Social networking and employee identities Essay

Social networking and employee identities - Essay Example For example, when used for recruitment purposes social networking sites may fail to meet all the necessary security requirements. In the workplace, where social networking is often used for promoting the communication between employees, similar security problems have appeared. The risks of social networking in regard to a particular security issue, the identity of its users, are explored in this paper. Reference is made, especially, to the identities of employees, as users of the social networking sites. The literature review related to this issue verifies the extensive use of social networking sites, as a tool of communication, in the workplace and the involvement of these sites in the hiring process. Also, the studies published in this field indicate the failures of social networking sites to offer to their users full protection of their identities. 2. Social Networking and Employee Identities Social networking sites are extensively used in the workplace. In the past, employees acc essed these sites just for entertainment reasons (Timm 2010). Today, social networking sites are officially used in the workplace for a variety of purposes: a) for improving the communication between employees in various organizational departments, b) for helping to the sharing of documents and other material between employees; the performance of e-mail in regard to such service can be low as problems in the central servers of the e-mail providers are common; c) for developing critical organizational activities; reference should be made, as examples, to the marketing and recruitment processes (Timm 2010). On the other hand, the benefits of social networking for organizations cannot be doubted. Indeed, social media can help businesses to improve their market image, to increase their customer base and to improve their communication with their customers (Society for Human Resource Management 2012). In addition, through social media employees are able to share their ideas and their conc erns in regard to the tasks assigned to them (Society for Human Resource Management 2012). However, in firms where employees use social media, the exposure of IT systems to various threats is quite high (Society for Human Resource Management 2012). The disadvantages of the use of social media, as related to the workplace could be described as follows: a) increased risk for ‘virus attacks and online scams’ (Society for Human Resource Management 2012), b) potential damages on organization’s reputation, a problem that usually results from the negative comments of employees in social networking sites (Society for Human Resource Management 2012) and c) decrease of employee performance; such problem exists in case that employees spend a lot of time ‘in updating their online profile’ (Society for Human Resource Management 2012). According to a survey published in 2011, currently a high percentage of employers, about 48.3% allow to their employees the use of social networking sites in work, even for non-business use (Fisher 2011, Figure 1, Appendices). It should be noted that a percentage of 25% of employers, a rather high percentage, prohibits any access to social media in work if the use is not made for covering business needs. On the other hand, a high percentage of employers, about 70.7% prefer to adjust the IT systems in the workplace so that the access to social networking

Marketing research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing research - Assignment Example This paper will critically evaluate the theoretical aspects related to exploratory marketing research to find out some marketing information and to cover letter as well as questionnaire in research. In market research, exploratory research is considered as more appropriate when more information is required to analyze a problem, opportunity or market related phenomenon (Wiid and Diggines, 2010, p. 55). Exploratory research helps a marketer acquire more insights and develop understandings rather than collecting accurate and replicable data and this is perhaps the main reason why most exploratory researches involve in-depth interviews. To find out students’ opinion about the purchase of new digital music player or any other kind of trendy products, exploratory research is more appropriate and effective since it helps the marketer clarify ambiguous situations and thus to develop ideas that would be potential for business opportunities (Zikmund and Babin, 2006, p. 51). Exploratory research is normally conducted when the marketer has to develop new products or redesign the existing products by analyzing existing demands, customers’ feedbacks and reviews for the existing products or competitive products etc. From the marketing perspective, digital music player companies such as Apple Inc, Sony etc that want to identify some most significant variables that their customers use to decide on whether to buy their music players. The company may want to collect variables related to different segments of the market such as students, middle-aged, women etc. For the exploratory research to find out students’ opinion about digital music player, the company would require gathering information related to factors that either directly or indirectly affects customers’ decision making to buy digital music players. For exploratory research to find out students’ opinion about digital players, the researcher needs to collect information such as

Aura by Carlos Fuentes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aura by Carlos Fuentes - Essay Example Seà ±ora Consuelo, the aged widow of General Llorente, for all her seemingly fragile physical appearance, succeeds in attracting the young protagonist, Felipe Motero into her web of dark world and darker beliefs. Shockingly enough, Aura is an accomplice much against Felipe’s fancy dreams of rescuing the beautiful girl from the clutches of the old witch. Felipe, being a historian himself, capable of coming to terms with the past, cannot but accept the reality of demolition of his machismo in the trappings of Consuelo and Aura. In a bizarre ending to the story, the reader finds him making love not to Aura as he is wont to, but to Consuelo, even as Felipe finds himself a convert to the black beliefs of the two ladies! One is reminded of a female spider eating its mate after lovemaking! house, in search of an assignment and encounters the old lady lying in her bed. The assignment of completing the memoirs of General Llorente and the pay that goes with it are alluring but the condition of residing in the house repels him until the wily old lady calls in her beautiful niece Aura. The entrapment is beginning and the young historian, staring into the very green eyes of Aura, accepts to stay. He has his dinner on the first night along with Aura, with Consuelo excusing herself on a pretext. In a way, he is journeying into himself, exploring uncharted territories, groping and fearful of pitfalls but allured by promises of pot of gold (aurum) at the end of rainbow! As Felipe starts working on the memoirs, one begins to glimpse the characterization of the aged Consuelo. She remained childless and was ravaged by age, in spite of her irrational beliefs in medicinal plants and strange devotional objects. Her kinky nature is also revealed in her childhood habit of torturing cats! She fantasizes herself in the form of her young and beautiful niece, Aura, who apparently shares some of the idiosyncrasies

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency Research Paper

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency medical services field - Research Paper Example ared towards the pros and cons of the application of endotracheal intubation during the different procedures of emergencies that are usually undertaken when issues of time and saving life is at stake. In the discussion that follows, a deeper understanding on the realities behind the process of applying endotracheal intubation shall be given way. It is through this that the characterization of the said process shall be well opened for criticism with regards the positive effects as well as the negative effects of the medical approach to the patients immediately treated through endotracheal intubation (Sengupta 8). A part of the context of this particular reading shall also present the necessary reasons behind the establishment of such process and how it has been approved for medical application; from this particular discussion, a path towards the revealing on how the entire medical approach is actually creation a major breakthrough as well as a major danger to some patients to whom the process is applied to. Basically, endotracheal intubation is the description as to how the use of a plastic tube is utilized as a means of protection for the trachea and a direct passage for air during a critical medical situations. With the aid of laryngoscope, the tube is passed towards a path that includes the nose, larynx, and the vocal cords. This process then aims to at least give a patient that chance to breathe especially in special cases that they are already unable to release and accept air for body circulation. A bulb is then lighted at the tip of the apparatus to secure the entire set up in place and avoid vomit and blood from getting through the set up. The application of the entire set up may seem to be easy to explain however, it is really hard to apply though. One applying such process needs to have a mastery of its actual practice. Particularly, this is required to assure that the patient undergoing such medical treatment does not undergo any complications along the

For this Assignment, you will need to produce a report based on Case Study

For this Assignment, you will need to produce a report based on Concept Design Services - Case Study Example 4 1.3.1 Analysis of the Industrial Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1.3.2 Analysis of the Marketing Position†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 1.4 Implementation of Analyzed Situations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 1.4.1 Implementation of Marketing Position†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1.4.2 Implementation of Manufacturing Operations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 1.4.3 Implementation of Supply Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1.4.4 Determining Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1.5 Determining Marketing and Operations Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1.6.2 Evaluation and Choice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 1.6.1 Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses in Making Choices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 1.6.2 Making Latest Development Choices on Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 1.7 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... This report outlines the viewpoint of a newly appointed consultant to operations at Concept Design Services (CDS) in manufacturing the operations of the company in ensuring its growth and continuity. The report is based on the findings from analysis of the organization. 1.2 Understanding Objectives and Context 1.2.1 Strategic Planning, Marketing and Competitive Advantage CDS would analyze its macro and microenvironments and develop a strategy to make the fit based on its capabilities and objectives. However, this viewpoint on strategic planning would not work for CDS given the erosion nature of competitive advantage. A strategic plan that may serve the business well at one time may be obsolete in a short while. The following scheme shows an intricate relation in CDS. 1.3 Analysis of the Situation James Thompson, the CEO of Concept Design Services (CDS), knew his colleagues shared his confidence. After all, it was a common belief of CDS to be one of Europe’s most profitable pla stic household products (home-ware) businesses. Originally founded in the 1960s as Focus Plastics, the company’s growth had come initially from the manufacture of complex injection-molded plastic components for large industrial customers. Following the acquisition of the company by a large consumer products group, it had rapidly extended its range to include popular household items such as washing up bowls, pedal bins, baby baths, buckets and dustpans. These sales took place under the Focus brand name, initially through wholesale distributors and then increasingly to large national do-it-yourself (DIY) stores, often referred to as â€Å"sheds† (Bownass 2013, p.64). 1.3.0 Analysis of

Information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Information technology - Essay Example This technique would help me manage the project in an effective way through proper and logical calculations. Considering Porter’s Competitive Forces Model, I think Keller should introduce a 24/7 customer service system in order to remain competitive in the market. Currently, all IT companies are providing best IT services to people but their after sales systems lack proper implementation. Keller can fill this gap by providing 24/7 support to the customers. Keller just needs to find a team of IT professionals to help in the implementation of the communication system. The DeVry Chocolate Chip Cookie Factory could replace existing IS with  the new one by integrating new features and functions. The company should use a proper database system in the IS software to enter and retrieve information in a proper manner. Currently, there is no record deletion function in the system because of which it becomes overload and does not operate efficiently. The company should add deletion function to make the system run faster and perform the operations efficiently. I would recommend Macy to use enterprise data warehouse and operational data warehouse in the IS plan. Both warehouses would be used by the IS department. With the first one, the department will get a control database for decision support, whereas with the second one, the department will be able to refresh the data in a real time manner. Macy’s CEO should use object relational database management system because it would help him/her convert object data between object database format and relational database format using software. The database department will use ORDBMS and users will not have to write code for conversion of formats. Macys would need to connect it to the Internet to use this software because it takes data from the online servers for all purposes including data access. To help secure Keller/DeVry’s websites’ data servers, I would use HP Scrawlr, UrlScan version 3.0 Beta, and Microsoft

Mythic proportions Essay Example for Free

Mythic proportions Essay Linton Heathcliff is a contradiction in terms. His name signifies the unnatural union between Heathcliff and the Lintons or between passion and convention and his sickly nature demonstrates the impossibility of such a union. In Linton both love and convention emerge as corrupted by each other. He is described as a pet, a puling chicken and a whelp. Like both his parents, however, Lintons view of the world is singular, and it is his inability to see it in any way but his own terms which renders him absolutely available for manipulation by Heathcliff. Hareton Of his generation, Haretons character is perhaps the most intriguing, reversing the comparative lack of interest we feel for his father, Hindley. Hareton is brutalised by Heathcliff, structurally repeating Heathcliffs own suffering at the hands of Hindley. Haretons relationship with Cathy has similarly been read as mirroring Heathcliffs with Catherine, in as much as he is desirous of impressing her, and he is proud in her presence. His love of Cathy, however, might be said more closely to resemble Edgars love of Catherine in as much as it is moderate yet tender, devoted yet restrained. Hareton also exhibits an unwavering love for Heathcliff, in spite of the ill-treatment he has received at his hands. Like Catherine, Hareton is constant in his initial affections, and when Heathcliff first arrives into his life they form an alliance against Hindley. Although Haretons name is inscribed above the door of Wuthering Heights, his inability to read, coupled with the repetitious doubling of names and signatures, means that he fails to inherit his rightful property. Hareton is dispossessed by Heathcliff, but can also be seen as a rewriting of Heathcliff, a surrogate or symbolic Heathcliff. The development of Haretons characterisation revolves around his education. He is initially nursed by Nelly, the novels surrogate mother, and under her tuition he begins to learn his letters. However, left to the ministrations of his dissolute and unpredictable father Hindley, Hareton grows wild and uncultivated, unable to read, and with no social skills. His attempts at self-improvement are the source of mockery and derision by Linton and Cathy, and it is not until the end of the novel that he is able to acquire the skills necessary for him to achieve social status with Cathy and come into his rightful inheritance. The domestic romance which typifies the final union between Cathy and Hareton may well resolve some of the conflicts that thwart the other relationships in the novel, but their union lacks the grand passion, the wild power of the original love between Catherine and Heathcliff. Cathy Structurally the second Cathy can be seen as revising her mothers story. She achieves her identity at the price of her mothers, and Edgar always differentiates her in relation to the first Catherine, whose name he never diminished. Unlike Linton, who has the misfortune of inheriting the worst of both his parents, Cathy appears to have inherited the best from both of hers. Nelly sees Lockwood as a possible escape route for Cathy should he be induced to fall in love with her. We are privy to reports of Cathys pride, and her insensitive mockery of Haretons lack of formal knowledge. The revolution of the novel in which she and Hareton form their attachment is something of a mythical resolution, a romantic conclusion which transcends the central conflicts of the novel to restore a traditional novelistic plot of courtship and marriage. Cathy and Haretons relationship restores to the novel and version of domestic bliss that was the Victorian ideal, but it is well to bear in mind that Brontes is a version in which Cathy clearly has the upper hand. Nelly Nelly Dean is the second and dominant narratorial voice in this novel. She takes up the story from Lockwood and gives it both substance and credence. Lockwoods inability to read the signs of the culture in which he finds himself cannot sustain the story, though it acts to remind us that all narratorial voices, including Nellys, are partial. Nelly Dean is a local, and has known each generation of the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is therefore well-placed to offer Lockwood a commentary upon the events she describes. Her position of servant is differentiated from that of that of other servants, both in terms of the fact that she appears to move effortlessly between the two houses, mediating between their differences, and in terms of her voice. Nelly Dean does not share a regional dialect with the other servants but she understands it perfectly. She also emerges as an educated woman, having read most of the books in the library at Thrushcross Grange the house of culture and in having experienced the vicissitudes of Wuthering Heights the house of nature. In keeping with her dual roles, Nelly has two names, Ellen, her given name which is used by those wishing to accord her respect, and Nelly, the name her peers and familiars employ. Nelly is one of the most interesting characters in this novel, not least because of the language she uses. She occupies a unique cultural position in this novel. She has access to a range of discourses that might be considered beyond her ken in terms of her position as a family servant; yet as the central narrator Bronte presents her as a speaking subject, partially excluded from culture but nonetheless positioned so as to be able to comment upon it. Nelly acts as a surrogate mother to many of the motherless characters in this novel: she brings up Hareton for the first five years of his life; she cares for Cathy from birth through to her marriage to Linton; she regrets the brevity of her charge of Linton, which is forced by circumstance; and she acts as confidant and advisor to Catherine and Heathcliff. She also acts as a mother-figure to Lockwood as she nurses him back to health. As surrogate mother Nelly provides food and moral sustenance to her nurslings. Nelly Dean is most carefully, consistently and convincingly created for us as the normal woman, whose truly feminine nature satisfies itself in nurturing all the children of the book in turn. This reading of Nelly as the mother-figure alerts us to another of her roles, for Nelly is a mother goose, the teller of this fairytale, the keeper of its wisdom. The name might also be a corruption of Mother Gossip. Both of these definitions are pertinent to the figure of Nelly, since the knowledge she conveys is at least twofold: it is about womens experience, and it is about the nature of love. Nelly knows that her story has to entertain and ensnare us. Yet her voice is rooted in the realist narrative. With her love of a well-brushed hearth and gleaming copper pans, Nelly weaves for us a fairy tale of mythic proportions. Given our narrators sympathies we are inevitably drawn to the novels celebration of passion, and find the strictures of its dominant discourses of marriage and religion as stifling and incomprehensible as do its main protagonists.

Swot Analysis Student Looking At Strengths And Weakness Education Essay

Swot Analysis Student Looking At Strengths And Weakness Education Essay To work hard in achieving my goal. When I was first time learned using the internet it was very difficult but I never gave-up until I learned how to get right information from it . Interesting and still growing more from last few years in IT. Begin when I first use internet, fascinated me how this works and how this information is managed. This make me more attractive towards the IT field specially in ISM. I want to be the master in the ISM having the broader knowledge of the subject. Wants to pursue PHD in the concern area after successfully completing my masters. Apply the same and wants to see the results what I learn. To keep very result oriented I always do practically what I have learned. Ability to adjust in surrounding environment very easily. Learn from surroundings very quickly to adopt the environment. Very good internet Knowledge. Using the internet from some many years furnish lot of knowledge. Very punctual. I am very strict for time and never be lazy for the work which I want to take. WEAKNESSES Totally get upset and very tense while working. The work I am doing if something from it I cannot understand made me very irritating and frustrated. Very reserved personality. Mostly I dont like to approach others without any concern. Hard to recall things quickly. Busy with the work make me very absent to other things. Hard to focus on different issues on one time. Putting concentration on one thing made me more difficult to concentrate on others things at a time. OPPORTUNITIES Repeat the work number of times until i understand very clearly. Help me to be knowledgeable of what I do. Explore the environment in which the research have to done, Making known to surrounding so that it can help me to get the knowledge that I need. Find the effective source for research, Make efforts to get the best material for the research. Apply the knowledge which I get from the source and which I have. To know how much I am knowledgeable I apply the same on the research which I am going to take. THREATS Feel very uncomfortable someone discourages me and find it very difficult to cope up with. Feel very nervous to ask again if not get right kind of response from my senior peers. No clear vision what I have to do in the given environment make me lazy. Availability of limited sources for work very discouragious. EXERCISE 2 ARTICLE Characterizing knowledge management in the small business environment. Journal of Knowledge Management. Vol 8(3), 44-61.Done by Wong, K Y and Aspinwall, E. (2004). Analysis and briefly evaluation The research done by Mr. Wong. K Y and Aspinwall. E on Knowledge Management (KM) for small business is improved method, as the Wong. K Y and Aspinwall. E (2004) on page 44, in the article, revealed that this paper redress some of the unique feature imbalance in the literature by putting KM into the context of small businesses. It looks at their characteristics, their advantages and disadvantages strengths and weaknesses and their key problems and issues, all associated with KM approach for small businesses. This research concludes at the final with recommendations that will provide important insights to help in accomplish the quality in business. The research done by the Wong. K Y and Aspinwall. E. (2004) furnishes the full details step by step of the KM for small business as:- KM is all about, How it can be implemented, What are its advantages and disadvantages, Its strengths and weaknesses. This help the researchers to get better conclusion by suggesting new definition of KM for small businesses which defined as The management of knowledge-related processes or activities, based on realistic resource in order to create competence, value and continual success for the organization.( Wong, K Y and Aspinwall, E. (2004). Journal of Knowledge Management. Vol 8(3), 44-61.) The purpose of this research is very clear, the in-depth approach by the researchers furnishes clear picture of KM for small businesses. The brief details provided by the ( Wong, K Y and Aspinwall, E. (2004). Journal of Knowledge Management. Vol 8(3), 44-61.) as mentioned on page 46, in the article states that, As an integrative concept, KM is perceived to have the potential to enable organization to face the complexities and changes enveloping them in the knowledge-based economy. The reasons why small businesses need KM can be traced back to a pull and push perspective. The pull deals with the former identities the potential benefits or improvements, which are crucial for small businesses while push deals with the external or environmental thrusts that push them to the forefront of KM, this shows that how much the KM is significant for the small businesses. The information furnishes by the researchers if utilized by the owner in small businesses can overcome the burden or lack in knowledge sharing between employer and the employees and can help to achieve goal on time. The tremendous effort lay down by the researchers gives clear picture regarding the originality of the research provide all the details which is quite understandable from the beginning, This help to assess the right kind of KM for the small businesses. The method adopt by the researchers in this article is qualitative because the knowledge provided by the researchers regarding KM for small business is easily understand by the reader. The sources are well-grounded ,rich descriptions and explanations of processes in identifiable local contexts. The data is in chronological flow, see precisely which events led to which consequences, and derive fruitful explanations. The in-depth research done by the Mr. Wong, K Y and Aspinwall, E(2004) is very excellent, it furnishes up-to date information as:- What should KM means for small businesses, How it can assess, How it can be implemented, Its advantages, disadvantages, Its strengths, weaknesses. The overall quality of the research meet up-to that mark where if the lower level managers of the small businesses put forward the implementation of KM can put the businesses in very competitive level in the market to achieve its goals. The context of the research is excellent as all the text properly provided with references which is very easily assessable for the new researchers. EXERCISE 4 Literature Review:- The process of reading, analyzing, evaluating and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic. The result of a literature review may be complied in a report or they may serve as part of a research article, thesis, or grant proposal. Arlene Fink{ conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the internet to paper, 3rd edition., (sage publications, 2009)}. Internet Technology:- Internet technology covers a broad range of technology used for web development , web production, design, networking and e-commerce. The field also covers internet programming, website maintenance , internet architect and web masters. It helps the students to get the right kind of knowledge for the concern subject without wasting the time in finding the books from the library. Available at:- (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070629052817AAszjby) [Accessed 16 September 2010] A(1) Data communication equipment:- In network computing DCE is an industry standard software technology for setting up and managing computing and data exchange in a system of distributed networks. It is used to find relevant material for the subject by the students from the online resources available on the blackboard. Available at: (http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sdefinition/o,,sid7gc121190600.html). Accessed 16 September 2010] B(2)Peer to peer System:- This help the students to interact with their senior peer and able them to learn new knowledge and experience. This enable them to learn from new source of knowledge, which help them to prepare for the future challenges. Virtual learning environment:- A Virtual learning environment is a course information management system that takes a numbers of web-based services and places them together on a single site, with a single interface, accessed through a web browser. Students and lecturers need only learn a single set of on screen controls in order to use discussion boards, electronic mails lists, access course materials and announcements, or upload share files. Nicole Kipar. (2003) What is the Blackboard VLE and how can I use it in my teaching, Google [online] Available at: http://lteu.cant.ac.uk/learntech/blackboard.asp Accessed 16 September 2010] B(1) Student Support:- Help them to manage their time more effectively. It also help them to develop a wider range of analytical and writing skills by using new resources, if assessments are adapted to make good use of these. Nicole Kipar. (2003) What is the Blackboard VLE and how can I use it in my teaching Google [online].Available at: http://lteu.cant.ac.uk/learntech/blackboard.asp. Accessed 16 September 2010] B(2) Collaboration:- To attain goals that cannot be achieved by one single student alone like in projects, which need group work or team work. The collaboration includes the following components:- Jointly developing and agreeing on a set of common goals and directions. Sharing responsibility for obtaining those goals. Working together to achieve those goals, using expertise and resources of each others. Bruner, C (1991). Thinking collaboratively: Ten question and answers to help policy maker improve childrens services. Washington, DC Education and Human Service Consortium. Available at: (http://www.actforyouth.net/document/YDM_65C_collab_Handout.pdf) [ Accessed 18 September 2010] Communication:- It may be defined as the sharing ideas or exchange of information or feelings. It provide very important path by which students influence one another. This help the student to develop the boarder sense for the course he/she is going through. This is one of the important tool for the student express their thoughts and feeling with each other. Available at: ( http://www.workplace-communication.com/definition-communication.html) Accessed 16 September 2010] It may also be defined as exchange and flow of information and ideas from person to person; It involves sender transmitting the ideas, information or feeling to a receiver. (U.S Army, 1983) Available at: ( http://www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcom.html) Accessed 16 September 2010] C(1) Connectivity:- Help the student to exchange the knowledge by electronic means which help them to understand the context of the subject very clearly and able them to remain in contact with each other. In the context of computer science, refers to the use of computer networks to link computers to one another, and provide information resource between computer systems and their final users. Available at: (http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enclient=firefox-HYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enclient=firefox-client=firefox-arls=org.mozilla:enGB:officialdefl=enq=define:connectivitysa=Xei=hfC5TOCPCJDQjAfvvL2Dgved=0CBcQkAE) Accessed 16 September 2010] The ability to exchange information by electronic means. (Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005) [Accessed 16 September 2010] C(2) Flexible learning:- It enable the student to learn what they want, how they want, and when they want. An approach which enable student to adopt a wide range of learning strategies in a variety of resource available. Available at: (www.unisa.edu.au/pas/gap/planning/glossary.asp) [Accessed 16 September 2010] E-Learning:- It uses electronic delivery methods such as internet-based learning delivery packages, such as , CD ROM, online video conferencing, websites or email to manage the relationship between teachers and students which enable students to be self reliable for the course. Available at: (www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/series/2531/54560/2) [Accessed 17 September 2010] D(1) Content solution:- Everything that is included in a collection for the student to make them satisfy for the course context and which help them in understanding the course content very clearly and quickly, enable them to become masters in their courses. Available at:- (www.wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn.) [Accessed 16 September 2010] D(2) Delivery Mechanism:- The procedure or means for delivering the content of the subject to the student in a very effective manner so that it can easily accessible to the students from any were in the world. Houghton, Miffli. (2000) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,4Th ed USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. [ Accessed 16 September 2010] EXERCISE 5 Reflective Report Micheal, in Knowledge and competence describes profession: The profession are a group of occupations the boundary of which is ill-defined. While the most powerful of law and medicine are commonly perceived as ideal type, few others even approach their degree of influence. Public-sector professions with significantly less power such as teachers, and nurses where described by Etzioni (1969) as a semi-professions. (Micheal, Eraut,1994, p.1) The first day when I entered into the University I have no idea about the ways of teaching. I am totally unfamiliar with the ways of doing study here. When I first attend my class I totally get confused and dont know what is going on, as the time passes after attending two of three classes I get familiar to what is going in the class, all credit goes to my module tutor who really deliver the quality teaching. The Module (Effective Research and Professional Practice) I have attend lay down the foundation stone for me to the entire course. This course gives me the opportunity to learn how would be the professional toward the study. The first exercise is SWOT analysis that provide me opportunity to express my Strengths, weakness, opportunity and Threats, which can help my tutor to have view of my capability for the studies so that he/she can deliver the quality teaching in order to have the better understanding towards the concern subject. The best part of the SWOT analysis is that I can express what I want from the course that I am going to take what would be my future plans. The second exercise helping me to develop the analytical skills. The article is about the characterizing the knowledge management in the small business environment, the questioner on this article helping me to develop the ability of reading, writing, and leaning skills more effectively. It also help me to have the broader look, how research can be taking place what area would be taking into the consideration while researching. How to apply proper methodology for the research that it is very important the way this article is written down help me to develop it, because the way I am going to approach to my studies is very important especially in my project. I enjoyed doing this exercise because I like reading but up to some specific limit I dont like to be book worm. The third, fourth and fifth exercise provide the pathway how to make a mind map, that is new thing for me, while working on the exercises I slow and steadily get familiar what is mind map all about how I can made it and have use of it. The exercises help me to learn right kind of professionalism for my studies that is totally far away from me. One part in this exercise is literature review which is mind teasing for me but after done this exercise I have learn how to develop the logical ideas. This assignment help me to lays down the basic foundation block for my studies in analytically and professionally that would help me throughout my career, The best part of this exercise for me to learn so many new things that I have never come across in my life, like mind map that help me to familiar very quickly and easily with the exercises.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Outsourcing Robert and Gordon (1996) claims that outsourcing has expanded considerably over the last two decades. The reason behind this expansion is that economies of scale became more apparent in the recent years than it was earlier. Outsourcing is a management approach that involves delegation of an activity to an external service provider which was previously performed internally (Lankford and Parsa, 1999). The activity must have been performed internally before outsourcing to third party. If the activity is delegated to another vendor without performing internally then it would be ‘externalization’ rather than outsourcing. The term outsourcing itself shows from ‘out’ ‘source’ (i.e. external source). In the earlier phase of 1960, outsourcing was merely considered as contractual agreements wherein a supplier does processing or is providing services for another company. But, it is different from regular purchasing agreement as outsourcing is not selling o ff a part of the business. The Out-contracted services or processes must be replaced by the supplier in outsourcing. This is the basic difference between regular purchasing agreement and outsourcing. Outsourcing is not simply a make it or buy it decision, the activities outsourced must be of significant interest for the company (Bryce and Useem, 1998). The term outsourcing often leads to confusion in what is meant by outsourcing, when used in place of a more specific term (Andrade and Chapman, 1998). According to Johnson (1997): Contracting-out, contract manufacturing, employee leasing, sub-contracting, consulting, contract services and contract programming, are often mistaken as mere outsourcing as all of these items are similar to outsourcing. But, on the other hand these items bear different characteristics as well which differentiates them from outsourcing. 3.1.1 Motives for outsourcing A company will decide to outsource an activity when such an activity can be performed by other companies at a lower cost by using economies of scale (Kakabadse Kakabadse, 2002). Nowadays, companies use common sourcing strategy of outsourcing as a tactical quick fix at the times of financial difficulty and rely on outsourcing strategy to come out of financial crisis or provide cash infusions (Johnson, 1997). Outsourcing decision also erupts from the search for competitive advantage. Porter (1980) views that a company needs to identify its competitive advantage. Once the company identifies its core business activities then it can outsource other non-core activities to focus more on core businesses. According to Juma’h and Wood (2000), smaller companies are likely to gain the best results from outsourcing. Their main motive is to prosper from the advantage of economies of scale. Smaller companies often find it difficult to achieve economies of scale within their internal activities and functions as they lack the ability. But, they are more flexible in absorbing change and innovations into their organisation. Thus outsourcing may come as a saviour for small companies to achieve functional efficiency similar to those of large companies (Juma’h and Wood, 2000). Juma’h and Wood (2000) argue that larger companies theoretically benefit less from outsourcing as compared to smaller companies in terms of cost reduction as large companies already enjoy the benefits of economies of scale in many cases or at least possess the capability or expertise to achieve it internally. In despite of this, the most frequent users of outsourcing are larger companies. There are apparently other reasons underlying for outsourcing other than realizing benefits of economies of scale from competitive advantage. According to Fan (2000) the other motives to outsource are: reduced costs, improved managerial focus, improvised quality, enhanced flexibility to facilitate change. Fill and Visser (2000) identifies the same drivers with some additions such as: increased knowledge and capacity, potential for creating strategic business alliance, reduction of investment, technical considerations, increased access to functional capacity, and fewer internal administrative problems. Outsourcing is generally accepted as a view of contracting out or disposing parts of business to achieve tactical benefits. However, Johnson (1997) in contrast cited a new view on outsourcing: viewing outsourcing as a way to offer structural change. According to the new approach, the company undertaking the activity (outsourcee) is viewed as being brought in by the outsourcer rather than contracted out. The author further developed these views and classified reasons to outsource into tactical and strategic reasons. Both these reasons differ from each other on the basis of their focus on short-term (tactical) and long-term (strategic) benefits. The tactical reasons for outsourcing comes from the functions outsourced which are beyond the control of the company and difficult to manage. Smaller companies generally go for outsourcing with the view of achieving economies of scale while large companies often benefit from outsourcing activities which are out of their control. Another reason of this category may be that the company outsource activity at times of financial distress to obtain capital funds for core activities. But, these tactical reasons to outsource are of short term nature (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). Apart from tactical reasons, there are other strategic reasons to outsource which focuses on longer term and are associated with gaining access to world-class knowledge and expertise, the risk sharing and the focus on core competencies. An organisation can reduce its risk significantly by means of outsourcing. The foremost strategic reason for outsourcing is to increase company focus on core competencies of the organization (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). Problems with outsourcing Outsourcing poses a number of rewards to an organisation such as cost reduction, focus on core competencies, improved quality. But, there are number of disadvantages also underlying to outsourcing namely enhanced dependency on supplier, employee redundancy, loss of control, increased expenditure due to ‘hidden’ outsourcing costs (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) every organization needs to identify, cultivate and exploit their core competencies in order to grow. Competitive advantage might be lost if core business are outsourced. Therefore, it should be seen by the company that no mistakes are made in identifying core competence. Significant Knowledge of the company will fade off if core activities are outsourced which is difficult to rebuild once lost. Bonifazi  et al.  (2004) views ten traps in an outsourcing project that should be taken into consideration during the implementation of the project. To begin with, lack of management commitment; lack of communication plan; minimal knowledge and experience of supplier; failure to recognize outsourcing risks by companies; failure to obtain outside outsourcing professionals; failure to utilize internal resources by organizations; rushing through vendor selection; ignoring cultural differences; minimizing vendor productivity; the last trap described is the failure caused by not understanding the ongoing outsourcing relationship with the vendor. Diminishing quality service and insufficient flexibility in achieving the desired results also contributes towards outsourcing risks. All these risks should be considered at the time of contract formulation. By designing a proper contract outsourcing risks may be well protected (Andrade Chapman, 1998). The whole structure of the organization can be affected by a single outsourcing agreement. 3.1.3 Common Outcomes Outsourcing is a powerful corporate strategy that requires flexibility in the sense global business takes place. Used effectively, outsourcing can very well live up to the standards set in the beginning of the agreement (Bonifazi  et al.,  2004). But, if used ineffectively the agreement may culminate in search of another vendor or by bringing the outsourced activity back ‘in-house’ (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Backsourcing Backsourcing currently lacks a common definition. However, Andrade Chapman (1998) gives a definition which is easier to understand once the term outsourcing is understood. He defines backsourcing as process of bringing back outsourced functions in-house. When an activity originally performed internally by the company and then contracted out to a vendor, is brought back in-house is referred to as ‘backsourcing’ (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Backsourcing is often mistaken as insourcing. But, both of them deviate on the aspect that insourcing is bringing back the functions in-house that were never outsourced but initially contracted out while in backsourcing the functions that were outsourced is brought back home. In other words, in backsourcing the activities must have been previously outsourced. 3.2.1 Motives  for Backsourcing A company may end an outsourcing contract even if everything was all right. The reasons being behind this may be that the company would have restructured its organization, might have entered a new market or would have been affected by law changes (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Some companies solve the problem of poor outsourcing results by bringing the outsourced function back home. Kakabadse Kakabadse (2002) points out that such a remedy is often costlier to the outsourcer and discomfit to the vendor. Despite, of heavy costs for reabsorbing many companies still choose to undergo for backsourcing. Reverting back the outsourced functions also raises finger on the organizations’ previous decision and judgement. However, press reports show that backsourcing is becoming common now-a-days (Wong, 2008). The various risks and problems associated with outsourcing explode motives for undertaking backsourcing. Deteriorating quality service and minimal elasticity in the agreement to respond to such deterioration is the single most common motive for backsourcing (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Loss of control, increased cost and trustworthiness are also drivers of backsourcing (Wong, 2008). According to Wong (2008) power and politics may also be a motive for backsourcing. He explains that power and politics among senior executives of the organization might play an important role at the time of outsourcing. When this set of executives are replaced by new executives who believe in internal development of an activity previously outsourced, then the strategy inside the company will change once again from outsourcing to backsourcing. In other words, embedding of knowledge about the outsourced function within the company may lead to backsourcing. Changes in vendor organization may also trigger backso urcing. If the vendor organization merges with other organization to form a new entity, then there is a possibility of change in perception of new entity. The changed perception of the new entity on ongoing outsourcing contract may create disputes between the parties leading towards backsourcing (Wong, 2008). Table 1.1 Illustration of Backsourcing cases 3.2.2 Backsourcing Implications The process of backsourcing can be a significant endeavour, but its activities are very intricate and require lot of attention together with hard work. If backsourcing plans are not formulated diligently, then it can easily cause employee fatigue (Azzouqa, 2008). According to Andrade Chapman (1998) staffing is the main issue since competence can rarely be found back-home. This is because at the time of outsourcing an activity, the staffs related to the activity is often either transferred to the vendor company or is resigned from the company. Therefore, one implication of backsourcing is to hire staff from the contractor or from the market. The process of hiring might not be successful as the personnel might not have preferred competence as required by backsourcing company (Andrade Chapman, 1998). As a result of backsourcing, companies have to pay huge compensation to the vendor company to reabsorb the outsourced activities back into the organization, if the contract is terminated before its expiry. The strategy of backsourcing can also be adopted after the expiry of contract. However, in this situation also the company has to bear high cost for re-insourcing (Wong, 2008). Thus, in the both the circumstances organizations have to incur huge expenses. For example, Farmers group paid $4 million as termination fees to IBM to extricate itself from its agreement (Overby, 2003 cited by Wong, 2008). Technology procurement is also a significant matter that should be addressed at the time of backsourcing an activity. When the activity is outsourced, the technology used to perform those activities is often sold since it is rarely of any use to company after discontinuation of activity. Therefore, bringing an activity back in-house whether in terms of backsourcing or insourcing would almost require acquiring new technology. This may again be a costlier practice for the company and can take long time to internalize technology within the organization (Andrade Chapman, 1998). However, reducing costs and control of operating costs are considered as most significant drivers of outsourcing (Fan, 2000).

The Godfather Essay -- essays research papers

The Godfather is the story of a Mafia family. It follows the rise of Michael Corleone within the family. Michael was once a war hero and did not want to be involved in the family business. When his father is shot though, Michael takes revenge on the people who did it and becomes a part of the Mafia lifestyle. When his older brother is murdered, Michael ascends to become the boss of the family, and proves to be more ruthless than his father and brother combined. The scene that I am analyzing is one where Michael is becoming his nephew’s godfather at his baptism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Godfather is a traditionally edited movie. This particular scene however uses Eisenstein’s method of montage editing. Francis Ford Coppola uses hard cutting in order to show a stark contrast in the main character Michael Corleone. The scene begins with a shot of Michael’s godson. In the Catholic religion, a newborn baby is born with original sin. At the moment of its baptism, it is the most pure thing on earth; it has no sin. The godfather is the baby’s guardian into life. The scene cuts to all the different assassins Michael has deployed to take out his enemies. It cuts back to the baptism and the priest asks Michael if he believes in god, Jesus, and the church. Michael replies yes. The scene cuts back to the assassins. The voice of the priest is heard giving the ceremony as the assassins prepare to kill. The scene cuts back to Michael and the priest asks Michael if he rejects Satan ...

How do to Frames on Web Sites :: Essays Papers

How do to Frames on Web Sites Dividing a web page into frames is quite simple. Frames organize web pages by dividing them into rows or columns. The basic concept of frames is that each frame is a regular, complete html document. That means more than on one page is viewed in one single screen. This allows the viewers to stay one page other than having to keep on going to new pages. If a person wanted to divide a page into 2 side by side frames, he/she should put one complete html document in the left frame and another complete html document in the right frame. In order to make this happen, making an additional html document is needed. This third html document contains the *FRAME* tags that specify what goes where. That is actually its only function. The two tags used are the *FRAMESET* and the *FRAME* tags. A *FRAMESET* tag is a container tag, and a *FRAME* tag is not. For those who don't know what that means, a container tag has an opening *TAG* and a closing */TAG*. The *FRAME* tag specifies the html documents and whether the frame should have a border or a scrollbar for each html document. The *FRAMESET* tag does all the dividing. It specifies a few things regarding how to divide them up. (Note: If using web page providers such as angelfire and geocities, make sure the page that the frames code is going on is set for advanced html.) The most popular way frames are organized is by using two columns. One is simply being used for the menu of the web site, and the other being used as the main page to view a specific page within the web site. The examples used will include how to create frames showing the division of the page into two columns and also showing the division of the page into two rows. First of all, name the three html documents index.html, the page used for dividing it into frames; side1.html, the left column of the page used for the menu; and main.html, the page for viewing a specific page within the web site. Make sure the following html code is used in the index.html page: *FRAMESET cols="100,*†* *FRAME src=†side1.html†* *FRAME src=†main.html†* */FRAMESET*. The * simply means the space that is left over on the web page.

Community Wind Power And Institutional Arrangements Environmental Sciences Essay

The outgrowth of the job of scarceness of resources and the necessity to increase the sustainability of energy production has led to the development of different technological solutions and energy production systems. Wind energy can be considered an of import driver to forestall planetary heating by cut downing C emanations from electrical power coevals ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Furthermore wind turbine development is extremely distributed geographically and its potency still has to be exploited ( Archer et al. 2009 ) . Besides, we assist at a important addition of the demand for ‘micro-generation ‘ in urban and rural countries, in order to supply energy to isolated houses and as an option to the fuel monetary value addition ( Ibid, 2009 ) . Wind energy is safe, abundant and will probably represent an of import part to future clean, sustainable and diversified electricity supplies. Unlike other beginnings of energy, air current does non foul the ambiance and does non make any rel evant outwardness ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Consequently it is possible to anticipate that air current energy will lend significantly and on a planetary graduated table in work outing jobs such as clime alteration, the depletion of dodo fuel resources, every bit good as pollution ( Hoogwijk et al. , 2004 ; IEA, 2008 ) . Denmark stood out as one of the taking state in the field of air current energy production: the major portion of Danish air current turbines were purchased by the members of the local communities. Commercial investors or independent power manufacturers detains a comparatively little portion compared to other states. It is relevant to advert that community air current power has besides played a important function in Germany, Sweden, the Nederland and the UK. In this paper there is an effort to sum up the set of conditions and institutional variables that allowed the laterality of community wind power development instead than the commercial 1. Furthermore a treatment will follow about the characteristics of community air current power, the property-right governments and the characteristics of wind-rich countries as a populace or private good. For the intents of this paper community air current is defined as: locally owned substructure ( turbines ) to bring forth energy from air current, that is connected to the power grid and where one or more member of the local community have a important and direct interest in the undertaking ( Bolinger, 2004 ) . Continuing with the undermentioned subdivisions the reader will happen a brief historical overview of the air current energy sector in Europe and in peculiar in Denmark. The paper will go on supplying more inside informations about the features of the development public credence towards new tur bines undertakings in the Danish instance with a nexus to the alterations in the ownership forms. In the conclusive portion the characteristics of community air current will be discussed: are there relevant direction issues? Are at that place rivalry and excludability in the usage of the resource? Are wind turbines a common-pool resource? Through the comparing with the findings of the article written by Bolinger in 2004 some critical facets in the definition of wind-rich countries will be underlined.Some considerations on Wind EnergyWind energy is the fastest turning beginning of power coevals in Europe, consisting 40 % of all new electrical power capacity installed in the EU in 2008 ( EWEA, 2009 ) . Faced with energy crises in 1973 western states began to seek for clean and renewable energy beginnings like air current, solar or biomass. Besides, the pollution created by thermoelectric power workss and crude oil stuffs is dramatically polluting the atmospheric environment. Harmonizi ng to some bookmans, wind energy resources of Europe, are sufficient to fulfill all European ‘s electricity demand. Nowadays this will non be possible due to proficient restrictions to to the full use wind possible. Nevertheless elaborate surveies suggest that most states could cover between 10 % and 20 % of their entire demand of electricity utilizing air current turbines without any proficient alteration to the bing system ( Sahin 2004 ; Archer et al. , 2009 ) . As showed in Figure 1, during the last 20 old ages, air current energy has been object of an exponential growing. In add-on, its usage has been extended to industrial intents in some European states including Germany, Denmark and Spain ( Moller, 2008 ) .Figure: Global cumulative air current power capacity, 1990-2007 ( in MW ) . Source EWEA, 2008.Harmonizing to the informations provided by ewea in early 2004, about 70 % of the planetary air current power capacity resided in Europe. As indicated in Figure 1, in the suc ceeding old ages the comparative portion of European air current energy capacity is diminishing due to the installment of new turbines in the remainder of the universe, particularly in the United States. Traveling in inside informations in the European scenario, diffusion degrees in the electrical energy sector have reached 21 % in Denmark and approximately 7 % and 12 % in Germany and Spain severally ( ewea, 2004 ) . The infrastructural demands of air current power coevals are instead modest, while the possible direct benefits in employment are significantly high. About 90 % of the universe ‘s air current turbine makers are situated in Europe, with an aggregative one-year turnover of more than one billion Euros ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Figure: Technical development of air current turbines ( Garrad Hassan, 2001 ) The technological advancement of turbines design is a nucleus facet for the hereafter of air current energy production. Figure 2 outlines the betterments made from the 1980s, when turbines reached merely 15 metres, to the hereafter outlooks with estimate highs of more than 300 metres from the land. Sing that winds by and large increase with altitude above the land, the tallness of turbine ‘s wing profile will strongly act upon the generated power result. The following tabular array studies the variableness of air current velocity and specific power at different height.Table: Wind Speed and Specific Power at different Altitudes ( informations beginning: Archer et al. , 2009 )Height from Ground [ m ]Wind Speed [ m/s ]Specific Power [ W/mA? ]8007,2 205804,6 58103,3 22 Because of their copiousness, strength, and comparative doggedness, high height jet watercourse air currents are of peculiar involvement in air current power development. Despite periodic fluctuation, jet watercourses are instead relentless characteristics of the mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. Archer et Al. ( 2009 ) estimation that the entire air current energy that could be extracted from the jet watercourse is about 100 times the planetary energy demand. Several engineerings have been projected to work air current power at high heights. Most of them are still at an early phase of development: at the present clip some patents have been acquired by research groups but concern ventures or commercial-scale paradigms do non be. Besides high-level air current power engineering researches have non created any paradigm that has been tested long plenty to supply a changeless electricity coevals with associated cost effectivity ( Archer et al. , 2009 ) . Looking to the history of the instance of Denmark, a innovator state in air current energy development, three chief periods can be identified: slow growing of turbines ‘ figure until 1995, accelerated growing until 2001 and stagnancy and diminution since 2001 ( DEA, 2008 ) . This diminution after the millenary is ascribable to the increased impact on landscapes, the failure of the planning government and worse economic conditions due to the remotion of the fixed provender in duty ( Moller, 2008 ) . In add-on it is of import to advert that the presence of a strong domestic air current turbine fabrication industry has been an of import driver in Denmark. Sing the Danish instance, Moller summarize that â€Å" during the 25 old ages of air current energy enlargement the full circle has been made from alien, popular and welcome little graduated table option to everyday, progressively unpopular, and industrial graduated table development † . Actually the hereafter of air curre nt energy is seen off shore or related to the development of new engineerings ( Moller, 2008 ; Archer et al. , 2009 ) . In the undermentioned chapter of this paper the historical background of air current energy development in Denmark will be briefly summarized.Historical background of Wind energy in DenmarkThe history of air current energy development in Denmark is closely linked to several positive conditions: the beginnings of air current turbine fabrication were characterized by many little manufacturers, who were able to set up a competitory bunch of industries. In add-on good air current conditions, among the best in Europe, can be found on the West seashore and in the North West of the instead dumbly populated state ( Moller, 2010 ) . Get downing from the 1970s the development of air current energy in Denmark has gone through an incommensurable development, during which the engineering was pushed toward the more comfortable sector of the market and a series of be aftering systems were established ( Moller, 2010 ) . Until 1973 practically all of the electricity in Denmark was generated in big, centralized thermic power Stationss ( Hadjilambrinos, 2000 ) . Modern air current energy in Denmark has its turning point after the impact of the oil crises on the Danish energy system, farther stimulated by the anti-nuclear protests of that clip and by turning consciousness of the necessity of dependable supplies and renewable energy. Furthermore, the increasing political focal point on environmental protection and sustainable development provided the general model for the enlargement of the wind-energy sector ( Moller, 2010 ; Saidur et al. , 2010 ) . Denmark has been a leader state in the progress of modern air current powe r during the first portion of its commercial history. Then, after the transition from small-scale undertakings to a large-scale industry, it arrived to bring forth resistance from the society against new installings ( Hvelplund, 2006 ) . The Danish Energy Agency ( DEA ) study that, in the period 1970-1985, there was a little addition in Numberss of turbines, while workss tripled their generating capacity. Until the twelvemonth 2001 wind energy increased making adulthood in footings of measure and size. Besides, during the period subsequent the twelvemonth 2000, older installings have been removed after ended utile life-time and due to re-powering policies. Currently it has been noticed no farther enlargement in figure of turbines except for the hard-on of two big offshore undertakings. Another more recent tendency is that air current energy delivered to the power web is diminishing ( Moller, 2010 ; DEA, 2008 ) . A major driver to the decrease of the figure of new turbines was of economic character: the former fixed feed-in duty was abolished after the twelvemonth 2000, doing air current energy investings progressively dependent on unpredictable market monetary values ( Agnolucci, 2007 ) . Besides, after 2003, merely really few locations obtained be aftering permissions and sufficient economic feasibleness. Nowadays the poorer economic system of air current energy undertakings and the deficiency of planning grants for undertakings lead to an about complete deadlock of land based wind energy development in the Danish district. Merely few municipalities are now positive towards the building new land based undertakings and the location of new turbines is a sensitive issue in the public argument ( Moller, 2010 ) . It is of import to underscore that turbines development has come at a cost: ocular impact on valuable landscapes, socially inconvenient investings and erroneous ownership forms are amid the chief errors that have been made during the extremum of air current energy enlargement.Development of public credence in DenmarkWind energy in Denmark, as noted in the old subdivision, by and large relied in a high public credence ( Krohn and Damborg, 1999 ; Ladenburg, 2008 ) . One of the chief drivers to obtain public credence with a fast air current turbine development was ownership forms: Moller noticed that â€Å" public ordinance granted a proportion of the air current capacity to be erected by publically owned public-service corporations and, more significantly, statute law stimulated the formation of local air current energy co-ops with limited ownership of portions in air current turbine undertakings within occupants ‘ municipalities † . Thus, get downing from the twelvemonth 1994, local municipalities obliged to apportion zone for air current power development, for this ground most of Danish air current turbines are owned by one or more local occupants. This allow the distribution of income watercourses from air current energy sector to local communities. It is relevant to advert that the first association of air current turbine proprietors was formed on 4 May 1978, and the first air current turbine co-op was established in 1980. Public engagement and the economic engagement on equal footings increase significantly local credence ( Toke et Al. , 2008 ) . Wind energy planning regulations are another important factor when recognizing a undertaking, in Denmark planning regulations have evolved over clip. In the early old ages and during the class of the 1980s a planning mandate was given by local governments on simple distance regulations, which has led to turn up turbines in extremely seeable countries, nearby parts of natural attraction and scenic value. During the early 1990s force per unit area on landscapes grew and there was call for a nationally coordinated planning scheme. Restrictions came in topographic point delegating specific and sole countries where the air current turbines could be built. Municipal and regional governments began to develop repowering strategy to replace the old substructure and concentrate the new turbines in the selected locations. The new market ordinance for air current energy in the old ages after 2000 determined a perceptibly lower income and greater insecurity sing the net incomes of new air current energy undertakings. As already mentioned the chief driver was the terminal of the fixed feed-in duty in favour of market monetary values determined on the Nordic power market Nordpool plus a compensation for the decrease of CO2 ( Moller, 2010 ) . In the same period larger scale developments were progressively the portion of private investings instead than co-ops. As a effect the public argument was increasing its resistance and opposition against those big scale undertakings due to reduced engagement of the local community and to take down expected returns.Small Scale Wind Farms: Ownership FormsMany researches in the literature on the subject agree in the positive correlativity between public credence and community ownership ( Moller, 2010 ; Toke et Al. , 2008 and Walker, 2008 ) . In this chapter the reader ca n happen a brief overview of the different signifier of community ownership. There are many undertakings that involve community ownership, through fiscal investing or managerial control, and have achieved community engagement in different sums and in different ways ( Stamford, 2004 ) . Undertakings can be to the full community owned, or may be under co-owner-ship agreements with the private sector, for illustration when local community possesses one turbine in a larger air current farm. The generated energy can be introduced into the national grid instead than being used locally or can be both produced and consumed locally. There are different legal and fiscal theoretical accounts of ownership ; these include ( Walker, 2008 ) : Cooperatives. Persons or households in the local community become members of the co-op and purchase portions to finance the undertaking. Community charities. Normally are formed in one association with charitable standing that provides or manage installations for the local community, such as local associations which use renewable energy to heat or power their constructions. Development trusts. Represent communities ‘ involvements in income coevals houses, and in some instances include discrepancies of community belongings. Shares owned by a local community organisation. Local community organisation obtains portions in a concern undertaking ; in the instance of air current farms the gifting of one of more turbines to the local community. In some instances the community may hold a partial ownership therefore possesses merely limited rights to command or to influences in to determination devising. These different theoretical accounts raise of import inquiries as to who the ‘community ‘ is that may have or part-own an energy undertaking. Complications will originate when persons have no advantage from air current energy and protest against its development. Besides touristry is a viing usage for land, even though researches from Denmark have revealed that air current energy development may heighten the green image of a state ( Krohn and Damborg, 1999 ) . In general it is possible to reason that an inauspicious attitude towards wind energy development is frequently conveyed by persons without benefit from air current sector ( Moller, 2010 ) .Institutional agreements for the success of community wind power in Denmark.As pointed out in the old subdivisions Denmark stood out as one of the taking state in the fiel d of air current energy production: the major portion of Danish air current turbines were bought by members of the local communities. Commercial or independent power manufacturers own a comparatively little portion compared to other instances. It is relevant to advert that community air current power has besides played a important function in Germany, Sweden, the Nederland and the UK. In this chapter will be outlined the set of conditions and institutional variables that allowed the laterality of community wind power development instead than the commercial 1. As first measure some definitions will be provided to the reader in order to clear up the nomenclature that will be used throughout the following paragraphs. Hall and Taylor ( 1996 ) define establishments as formal or informal processs, modus operandis, norms and conventions embedded in the organisational construction of the civil order or political economic system. They can change from the regulations of a legal order or the standard operating processs of an disposal to the understandings that govern trade brotherhood actions or bank-enterprise dealingss. Toke et Al. ( 2008 ) use this definition to weave energy development as â€Å" decision-making constructions, signifiers of organisation of air current power, be aftering systems and norms and understandings, which underpin wind power policy and patterns † . Besides, for the intents of this paper, community air current is defined as: locally owned substructure ( turbines ) to bring forth energy from air current, that is conn ected to the power grid and where one or more member of the local community have a important and direct interest in the undertaking ( Bolinger, 2004 ) . The following tabular array outlines the institutional variables that permitted the development of the community wind energy sector in Denmark. It comprises several elements: Financial procurance system report the chief economic tool promoted by the authorities that assisted the energy manufacturers to guarantee a fiscal profitableness to the undertaking ; in the instance of Denmark a fixed monetary value was set by authorities for the electricity produced by air current turbines. Fiscal stableness indicates if the fiscal support was changeless over clip ; in the Danish instance the feed-in duty system terminated in the twelvemonth 2001. Economic Involvement highlight the chief ownership forms ; in Denmark local community and persons are the chief histrions involved in turbines undertakings.Table: Institutional Variables in Denmark ( Toke et al. , 2008 )VariableDanmarkFinancial procurance system ( chief type ) Feed in duty fixed monetary value for a given sum of electricity Fiscal stableness Stable ( until 2001 ) Economic Engagement Local private ownership Grassroots enterprises ( historical roots ) Local community anti-nuclear Grassroots ( related to dom. political relations ) Supported Grassroots initiatives points out the historical grounds and cases of society that fostered the development of air current energy sector ; the environmental and anti-nuclear motions in Denmark strongly supported air current turbines growing. Grassroots related to political issues underline if the national politicians supported wind energy ; the Danish authorities created a proper policy model and gave conspicuous fiscal support. The old treatment shows that community ownership contributed to heighten the development of air current energy in Europe. Precisely, community ownership has increased public credence of air current power, allowed to bring forth benefits for different histrions, improved the fabrication industry, and provided a big and comparatively low-priced beginning of capital to finance air current energy undertakings. For case, feed-in Torahs that give air current power electricity an extra premium monetary values have created available, solid, and profitable markets for community air current undertakings in Denmark ( Cohen, 2001 ) . Feed-in duties provided long-standing gross certainty with comparatively low dealing costs. Presents, Denmark is the universe ‘s largest air current power manufacturer and besides leads the rankings with the highest portion of electricity provided from air current turbines in the universe ( Stamford, 2004 ) . Stamford references besides that Denmark â€Å" has the largest installed offshore capacity in the universe and is characterized by a history of strong research and development ( R & A ; D ) support, capital subsidies and strong community inducements † .Discussion and DecisionThroughout this paper the historical conditions that allowed the success of community air current development have been outlined. In peculiar community ownership has increased public credence of air current power, allowed to bring forth benefits for different histrions, improved the fabrication industry, and provided a big and comparatively low-priced beginning of capital to finance air current energy undertakings. In this reasoning portion there is a treatment about the characteristics of community wind power related to property-right governments and the characteristics of wind-rich countries as a populace or private good. Bolinger ( 2004 ) argues that â€Å" weave energy can be considered a public good, or a parks, even in the classical sense † . A figure of conditions have to be satisfied: Communities obtain net income from air current farms normally pull offing and using wind-rich countries, which are used for intents that are suited to weave turbine development, such as agribusiness or fringy land. Another characteristic of a parks is the scarceness of a resource, in the instance of air current energy there are a limited figure of wind-rich locations. Besides, air current energy shows turning costs of development with increasing sums of resources used. A proper direction is needed in order to avoid land debasement or struggle when there is a common usage of fringy lands. Land is a limited resource and direction becomes a necessity to keep productiveness. Therefore it is clear that land with a good air current government is a limited resource, which can bring forth grosss to a local community if decently planned and managed. In the instance of Denmark local community is the chief stakeholder that use wind resources to make local income, maintain landscape values and contribute to sustainable energy supply of future coevalss. Analyzing the belongings rights government of community wind it is apparent that, for wind-rich countries, excludability ( or control of entree ) exists ; in other words wind-rich countries have boundaries. Besides, the resource is held by an identifiable community of independent users ( E.g. Danish municipality ) . These users exclude foreigners while modulating usage by members of the community. Subtractability ( or competition ) is the beginning of the possible divergency between single and corporate reason that means, if each user is capable of deducting from the public assistance of other users ( Feeny, 1990 ) . Sing a air current farm we notice that the velocity of air current lessening when it base on balls by a turbine ‘s spiral. In pattern this means that a limited sum of turbines can be installed in order to avoid competition between users. Bolinger ( 2004 ) in his article defines air current as a public good and examines the possibility of over-utilization from a local community of its wind-rich countries and argues that â€Å" there will non be a direct debasement of land that threatens future air current power coevals. The sick consequence of over-utilization will be that landscapes themselves acquire degraded visually † . This is contrast with the old decisions: the characteristics of wind-rich countries ( excludability and competition ) suggest sorting air current energy as a private good or nine good in some instance where competition is limited ( E.g. offshore wind farms ) ; furthermore the over-utilization may take to a direct lessening of the air current energy coevals potency and to conflict between users. The whole scope of factors that have been outlined point out the importance of the proper direction of air current energy with the engagement of the community. Wind sector has a immense development potency for the hereafter is safe, abundant and will probably represent an of import part to clean, sustainable and diversified electricity supplies. As already mentioned it is to anticipate that air current energy will lend significantly and on a planetary graduated table in work outing jobs such as clime alteration, the depletion of dodo fuel resources, every bit good as pollution ( Hoogwijk et al. , 2004 ; IEA, 2008 ) .