Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

The Beneficence Principle wants maximum benefits and minimum harm. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment did the exact opposite of that. The government doctors of the US Public Health Service studied the maximum harm and minimum benefits of untreated syphilis. According to Talebearer Clark, the founder of the experiment, â€Å"Macon County Is a natural laboratory – a ready made situation. The rather low Intelligence of the negro population, depressed economic conditions, and the very common promiscuous sexual relations, not only contribute to the spread of syphilis UT also to the prevailing indifference with regard to treatment† (Dianna, 1993).The government doctors studied patients with syphilis from the earliest of stages all the way to death, the goal being to see if syphilis was the same in blacks as it was in whites. The doctors told the patients they could cure their â€Å"bad blood† and invited them in for treatment. The doctors never told them how bad their co ndition was or what stage they were at. They simply â€Å"gave the men placebos, vitamins, aspirin, and tonics to keep up the appearance of treatment (Dianna, 1993). The third part to The Ethics Framework for Public Health questions the known or potential burdens of the program.The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment clearly violates this ethical principle (as well as many others). In this principle It states â€Å"If data suggests that a program is reasonably likely to achieve its stated goals, then the third step of the framework asks us to identify burdens or harms that could occur through our public health work† (Champed and Elliot 2010). The doctors in the Tuskegee Experiment clearly knew they were achieving their goal, which was recording the effects of untreated syphilis, but failed to identify and inform the burdens and/or harms that were occurring in their public health work.The men were never informed of the problems they had, and in fact were led to believe they were get ting better. The goal of the Tuskegee Experiment was to find out if syphilis had the same effect in black people as It did In whites, at that time blacks were thought to be â€Å"fundamentally and genetically deferent† (Dianna, 1993). As sad as it Is to say, at the end of the experiment there were a few benefits, one being doctors now know the effects of syphilis on anybody, regardless of race or gender, If left untreated.Another benefit to come from this experiment would be ethics in Public Health and the be no Belmont Report or Ethics Framework for Public Health in our textbook. There are many long-term repercussions to advancing public health goals because of this experiment. It caused blacks, and others living in low class, oppressed populations to have distrust and lack of respect for the information given to them by doctors. They were misled and misinformed by these â€Å"doctors† and no longer want their information or help. And because of this they do not step forward or help for health issues when it's needed.

Physical Education Lesson Plan Essay

1. Grade level: Second Grade 2. Estimated level of developmental stage: predictable, self-paced (Hastie, 2012). 3. Number of students: Twenty 4. Fundamental skill (to be taught): Dribbling a soccer ball with their feet 5. State standard for Washington State (NASPE, 2008) a. Demonstrates locomoter skills in a variety of activities and lead-up games i. Example: Uses walking/jogging/running skills in soccer ii. Demonstrates manipulative skills with stationary targets 1. Example: Kicks a ball toward a goal iii. Demonstrates mature form in manipulative skills in a variety of activities 2. Example: Traps a ball in soccer Section 2: 1. Student objective: a. As a result of this lesson students will be able to demonstrate dribbling skills while both walking and then jogging. Students will also be able to demonstrate trapping a ball and kicking a ball towards a stationary object. 2. Lesson description b. During this activity students will practice dribbling a ball with their feet; first walking and then jogging. Students will maintain control of the ball using the inside of their foot while dribbling the ball between cones towards the pop-up goal at the end of the field. Once the student reaches the last cone they will then trap the ball with their foot and take aim at the goal. 3. Classroom management system and student grouping c. Students will be divided into five groups with four students in each  group; each student will receive a shape card and will then be grouped according to the shape displayed on the card. Students will be reminded at the start of class regarding the class rules and consequences. Students will be reminded to use kind words, respect others around you, listen carefully, use equipment properly, and if in doubt ask. Consequences and rewards will be handled on a case by case basis meaning praise will be given to individual students and actions will be corrected as necessary. Ultimately the goal is to keep all students involved and engaged while ensuring the safety of everyone. As an educator it is important to be consistent and fair to all students using positive reinforcement and encouraging students to stay on task. 4. Equipment needed d. Twenty soccer balls, twenty-five orange cones for setting up the obstacle course, five pop-up goals at the end of the course, and a large outside grassy field. Section 3: 1. Content: Write a script of what the teacher would say and include the following for each task/skill. a. Task #1: Dribbling while walking first in a straight line, then through the cones i. Introducing the task/skill 1. Our first objective is to practice dribbling our soccer ball while walking. Remember to use the inside and outside of your foot when moving the ball down the field. I want you to first walk down the field dribbling your ball next to the row of cones and then return dribbling the ball while walking through the cones. When the first student begins the return trip through the cones the second student in the group may begin dribbling their ball next to the cones. ii. Safety concerns, rules and protocols to follow during the task 2. Watch out for other students 3. Be careful not to overtake the student in front of you 4. If the ball gets away from you quickly retrieve it iii. Teaching the task/skill 5. Educator will demonstrate the task once at the beginning and then again if students have questions or need extra clarification. iv. Questions to ask during the task as a form of assessment 6. What part of our foot do we use to dribble a ball? 7. Do we want to keep the ball close or far away? b. Task #2: Dribbling while jogging; first in a straight line then through the cones v. Introducing the task/skill 8. Our second objective is to practice dribbling our soccer ball while jogging. Remember to use the inside and outside of your foot when moving the ball down the field. I want you to first jog down the field dribbling your ball next to the row of cones and then return dribbling the ball while jogging through the cones. When the first student begins the return trip through the cones the second student in the group may begin dribbling their ball next to the cones. vi. Safety concerns, rules and protocols to follow during the task 9. Watch out for other students 10. Be careful not to overtake the student in front of you 11. If the ball gets away from you quickly retrieve it vii. Teaching the task/skill 12. Educator will demonstrate the task once at the beginning and then again if students have questions or need extra clarification. viii. Questions to ask during the task as a form of assessment 13. Was it easier or harder to dribble while you were jogging versus when you were walking? 14. Does the change in speed from walking to jogging affect your ability to maintain control of the ball? 2. Culminating activity: c. Class, now we are going to combine our soccer skills together. We are going to have a relay race with each group being a team. The object of the game is for all students in each group to successfully kick their ball into the goal. The first student in each group will dribble their ball through the cones, trap the ball with their foot, and then kick the ball into the goal. Once their ball has successfully made it into the goal they will run back and tag the next teammate in line. The key to success in this game is maintaining control of your ball at all times. 3. Assessment: d. In order to assess the students in my class I would use observational skills to determine if they are meeting the lesson objectives. I would use a scale rating system; based on a scale of one to five, with five being perfect and one being unsatisfactory. I would rate the students based upon whether they could maintain control of a ball while dribbling, trap the ball with their foot, and accurately kick the ball towards a stationary object. Section 4: 1. Home/school connection: a. I would send out an email to all parents suggesting ways students can practice dribbling skills at home. In the email I would include ideas such as parents setting up an obstacle course for kids to dribble through. I would suggest that parents can use household objects such as soup cans for the â€Å"cones† and any round ball would work for dribbling. I would encourage parents to practice with their kids by first demonstrating the skill and then just participating. When parents are involved with their kids in a physical activity the child is more likely to stick with it longer and of course it is an excellent way for parents to bond with their child. 2. Modifications and adaptations b. Inclusion of a child with a physical impairment (e.g. a child confined to a wheelchair, or a child that requires the use of assistive technology). i. One way to include a child confined to a wheelchair would be to have them hold the soccer ball in their lap and maneuver their wheelchair through the cones; upon reaching the end they can throw the ball into the goal. A second way to include them would be to have them use a paddle to â€Å"dribble† the ball through the cones and ultimately hitting the ball into the goal. c. Inclement weather or an altered schedule forces you to change your location. Choose a different location to discuss (e.g. a smaller classroom as opposed to a gym). ii. Due to inclement weather the lesson would need to be moved indoors to the gym. Since the gym floor surface is much smoother than a grassy field I would have the student’s only practice dribbling while walking in order to maintain better control of their ball. d. Several children from a  different grade are temporarily joining this class for this particular lesson. iii. In order to include all students fairly I would disperse the children in groups using the shape cards, but if one group was disproportionately older students or younger students I would need to rearrange a bit. In order for the relay race to be fair each group would need an even mixture of older students versus younger students. References Hastie, P. (2012). Foundations of moving & learning. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. NASPE (2008). Washington State K-12 state standards. Retrieved from http://www.k12.wa.us/HealthFitness/Standards-GLEs/HealthFitnessStateStandards.PDF.

Sumerian Language

Sumerians Contribution Have you ever thought of where math, writing, and governments were invented? The Sumerians invented math, science, writing, and astronomy. The Sumerians were the first civilization on earth. Around 4,000 B. C. E the people called Sumerians moved into Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. The Sumerians built massive city walls, Ziggurats (similar to pyramids but used for worshipping), canals, etc. Many people don’t know about how greatly the Sumerians have contributed to our society.Looking at math, writing, and governments we will see how the Sumerians have influenced today’s society. First of all, Sumerians were the first to invent math. The Sumerians used a â€Å"sexagesimal system,† which basically means that everything based on the number 60 (Krupp). The mathematician Duncan J. Melville from St. Lawrence University said that â€Å"the system is striking for its originality and simplicity. â₠¬  The reasons why the Sumerians picked 60 as their base remains unknown; however, the idea was developed from an earlier, â€Å"More complex system known from 3200 B. C. n which the positions in a number alternated between 6 and 10 as bases. For a system that might seem even more deranged, if it weren’t so familiar, consider this way of measuring length with four entirely different bases: 12 little units, called inches, make a foot, 3 feet make a yard, and 1,760 yards make a mile. Over a thousand years, the Sumerian alternating-base method was simplified into the sexagesimal system, with the same symbol standing for 1 or 60 or 3,600, depending on its place in the number, [†¦] just as 1 in the decimal system denotes 1, 10 or 100, depending on its place† (Wade).Then later on Babylonians adopted the system and used it to calculate time: the â€Å"1:12:33† on a computer clock means 1 (x 60 squared) seconds + 12 (x 60) seconds + 33 seconds, which we still use today. This is the reason why modern day civilization measures an hour in 60 minutes and 1 minute in 60 seconds. The sexagesimal system enabled the Sumerians to calculate roots, multiply into millions, and use fractions. Modern-day math still uses aspects of this system (Wade).Next, according to the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, writing emerged in many different cultures throughout the ancient world, it wasn’t the creation of one people; however, the Sumerians are credited with inventing the earliest form of writing around 3,500 B. C. E. The Sumerians writings on stone tablets started off as just simple pictures and pictograms that represented objects or ideas (see Figure 1). Soon after the Sumerians simplified the pictograms into wedge-shaped signs which is called cuneiform writing (â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing†). The invention of writing was the dawn of the information revolution. This great technological advance allowed news and ideas to be carried to distant places without having to rely on a messenger's memory. Like all inventions, writing emerged because there was a need for it. In Mesopotamia, it was developed as a record-keeping vehicle for commercial transactions or administrative procedures. There are also texts that served as â€Å"copy books† for the education of future scribes.Eventually, cuneiform script was used to produce some of the greatest literary works in recorded history† (â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing†). We got the alphabet that we used today because after the Sumerians in Mesopotamia started writing, it spread to Egypt, and by 1500 B. C. E. it spread to China, and from then on people were â€Å"scribbling, sketching, and telling [the] world about their culture in a very permanent way† (Whipps). As writing spread, people developed their own styles, forms, and way of writing.Another invention that we still use today is government. I le arned from studying world history that the Sumerians needed a way to maintain order, organize work forces, and keep crimes from happening because Mesopotamia was a very large city with many artifacts and valuables. The Sumerians were able to build large defensive walls, roads, canals, ditches, and dikes that ran throughout Mesopotamia because of the organized labor, which was possible because they had a government. â€Å"Now, government is what keeps the world from becoming a place of anarchy and chaos† (â€Å"government†).Government affects us now because we elect officials that represent out beliefs on how the United States should be run. America would be nothing without a government. We can thank the Sumerians because with a government America is a superpower and prosperous (â€Å"government†). In conclusion, without the inventions of math, writing, government, and many more we would have a chaotic world. Sumerians invented arithmetic, a number system, cuneif orm writing that many have adopted and changed, and a government to keep the Empire together.Without the inventions of the Sumerians we would be set back a couple thousand years today. Citations â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing. †Ã‚  The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. N. p.. Web. 13 Dec 2012. ;http://oi. uchicago. edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing. html;. â€Å"Government. †Ã‚  The World History Hall of Fame. N. p.. Web. 13 Dec 2012. ;http://worldhistoryfame. tripod. com/id8. html;. Krupp, E. C. â€Å"Going Like Sixty. †Ã‚  Sky ; Telescope. 2007: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? [email  protected];vid=1;hid=28;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Wade, Nicholas. â€Å"An Exhibition That Gets to the (Square) Root of Sumerian Math. †Ã‚  New York Times. 22 2010: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/23/science/23babylon. html? _r=0;. Whipps, Heather. â€Å"How Writing Changed the World. â€Å"LiveScience. 10 2008: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. livescience. com/2283-writing-changed-world. html;. Figure 1: Sumerian Tablets With Semi-Pictographic Writing

Current Sources of Basic Legislation in the UK Case Study

Current Sources of Basic Legislation in the UK - Case Study Example A company is said to be a private limited liability company if it is incorporated under the laws of either of the following: Scotland, England, Republic of Ireland, and Wales. In addition its shares are strictly limited to a specific group of shareholders but not the general public, consequently cannot be put for trading on a commercial stock exchange.1 The fact that the company is limited by shares is an indication of the presence and ownership of company capital by shareholders who are equally bound by the company's liability to creditors and other third-party institutions and agents. Going by the conventional rules governing the issuance of shares, shareholders and their personal effects are legally insulated from confiscation during insolvency save the value of the premium paid and the nominal value of the shares owned and issued by the company. According to the laws of the United Kingdom, all private limited liability companies are mandated to bear the suffix "Limited" abbreviated as "Ltd." The Case of John and his Partners Suffice to begin this section with a definite reference to the new Company and Companies Act 2006, will serve as the main reference framework of this paper. According to the act which will become functional in the last quarter of this year.

Framework for Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Framework for Ethics - Coursework Example is end, Anandarajan (2002) observed that it is of an importance measure the organization’s structural and ethical behavior through some structured frameworks. It is evident that various organizations employ these models to measure their structural and moral conduct as a way of saving the trust of stakeholders. This can be alluded to the successful ends that these models attain in establishing ethical culture in an organization, steer moral decision making as well as enhancing the overall execution of results (Anandarajan, 2002; Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2013). The scope of this paper is thus limited in the discussion of only two of these frameworks that organization can employ, namely; Balanced Scorecard and the Triple Bottom Line. The component of these framework models would be analyzed in relation to how they can be used to enhance ethics and business performance. Moreover, the paper presents how organization can make use of these models as approaches of driving ethical decision-making as well how organization incorporate the ethical models in the corporate relations. Balanced scorecard model is defined as a multidimensional way of making executive estimations and administration control within a particular organizational structure (Henriques, 2004). In other words, Balanced Score Card (BSC) can be defined as an execution metric which is used mostly in strategic management to improve and advance various internal functions and so their resulting external outcomes (Boatright, 2009). A single most formidable quality of the model is the great emphasis it places on ensuring that performance measures are linked with the activity plans at all levels within a business unit. To further explicate on BSC, Brown (2000) posits two significant approaches to implementing it; centralized and decentralized. Centralized approach is mainly a tool for top management to impart centrally formulated strategies down the organizational administration. On the other hand, a

Solar Panel Battery Charger 6-12V Research Paper

Solar Panel Battery Charger 6-12V - Research Paper Example The comparator compares the voltage from the battery and acts as a switch for the voltage regulator circuit. Finally, the battery voltage checker checks the voltage of the battery (as it received from the panel) to determine if the battery needs to charge more. The circuit is designed to be simple, efficient and reliable by using easily available field replaceable parts. It uses a 12V, 5W solar panel rated from 100 milliamps to 1A and a lead acid or other rechargeable battery that is rated from 500 milliamp hours to 40 amp hours of capacity. This circuit regulates the voltage flow from the photovoltaic panel to the lead acid battery. It can produce currents up to 150mA. When external pass transistors are added to this circuit, output currents can reach up to 10A. The maximum input voltage to this circuit is 40V (LM723, 2004) with an output voltage adjustable between 2V and 37V. This circuit consists of a series regulator, LM723. ... Figure 11 and Figure 12 are the connection diagram and the datasheet circuit (Voltage regulator, 2012) as below: Figure 11: Connection Diagram Figure 12: Datasheet Circuit The basic building blocks of LM723 are: 1 The Reference Voltage Amplifier 2 The Error Amplifier 3 The Series Pass Transistor. The equivalent circuit of LM723 (LM723/LM723C Voltage Regulator, 1994) is shown in Figure 13 as below: Figure 13: Equivalent circuit of LM723. The main components used in the voltage regulator circuit are (Table 1): Table 1: Main components of the voltage regulator circuit Quantity Component Value 1 LM723 - 1 R1 4.87k ? 1 R2 7.15k ? 2 Transistor 2N3055 1 Diode 1N4007 1 VR 10k ? 1 C1 0.1?F 1 C2 500PF Calculations: Following are the calculations for design and operation of the circuit: Output voltage- Vout = Vref x ((R1+R2)/R2) Where R1= 4.87K, R2= 7.15K and Vref= 7.35V from the datasheet. Vout= 7.35 x ((4.87 + 7.15)/7.15) = 12.36V. Figure 14: Output voltage. Current- The current is establishe d from the Darlington transistor pair in the regulator circuit (Q1 and Q2 in Figure 10). Q1 and Q2 (2N3055) are silicon, Epitaxial-Base Planar NPN transistor mounted in a Jedec TO-3 metal case (Charger Circuit for 6V or 12V Car Battery, 2012) and are recommended for use in power switching circuits, series and shunt regulators, output stages and high fidelity amplifiers. Figure 15 shows the Darlington transistor pair: Figure 15: Darlington transistor pair used in voltage regulator circuit. In this circuit, a voltage of 0.7V is applied to the base (B) of the first transistor (TR1) to switch it on. A current of 300 milliamps passes through the first transistor from the collector (C) to the Emitter (E). The emitter of TR1 is connected to the second

Coronary heart disease in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coronary heart disease in the UK - Essay Example Cardiovascular diseases cause a lot of health problems in the UK. In 2011, the country experienced approximately 160,000 deaths due to these diseases. Majorities of deaths from heart diseases are brought about by heart attacks; the UK records around 103,000 heart attacks every year. The UK experiences approximately 152,000  strokes every year, which cause more than 40,000 deaths (Department of Health 2010). Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of deaths in the UK and around the world. The disease causes approximately 73,000 deaths in the United Kingdom every year (Mozaffarian et al. 2015). It is estimated that one in  a group of six men and one in  a group of ten women dies as a result of coronary heart disease. In the UK, there are about 2.3 million persons living with the disease. Around the world, approximately 2 million people are affected by coronary heart disease. As people grow old, they become more likely to get CHD; Men are more likely to suffer from the disease when they are much younger as compared to women (Mozaffarian et al. 2015). The high number of deaths caused by coronary heart disease requires immediate intervention in order to curb its spread. It is important to study the condition in order to know its causes, symptoms and establish how to treat it. The building up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries that directs blood to the heart causes coronary heart disease. The fat deposits cause the arteries to narrow leading to a reduction in the supply of oxygen to the heart (Shah 2006). The decrease in the supply oxygen causes pain in the chest or even heart attack. The heart is a muscular pump that moves blood to the lungs and the other parts of the body. The blood supplies the body with oxygen and other vital nutrients while taking away carbon dioxide and other waste materials. The heart gets a supply of blood through the coronary

Emerency Sevices Managment - Advaced Interactions of Hazardous Case Study

Emerency Sevices Managment - Advaced Interactions of Hazardous Materials IV - Case Study Example T2 laboratory was a manufacturer of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MCMT). MCMT being a toxic and a highly inflammable liquid, it is classified as extremely hazardous substance (EHS) (United States & Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2009). A chemical recipe serves as a guide during the manufacturing process. Metalation is the first step where metallic sodium that was previously melted is reacted with methylcyclopentadiene (MCPD). This reaction occurs in the presence of diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether). Heat is applied before the reaction can occur, and this may be necessary to enable overcome the activation energy required for initiation of the reaction. Besides, the heating converted sodium to its molten form increasing the surface area and reduced the MCPD dimer into two molecules. These two changes are necessary for the reaction to occur. Two products are obtained from this reaction; hydrogen gas and sodium methylcyclopentadiene. The hydrogen gas produced is released into the atmosphere. Substitution is the second step during which dry powder of manganese chloride was added and reacted with sodium methylcyclopentadiene forming sodium chloride and manganese dimethylcyclopentadiene. The final step involves the addition of carbon monoxide, a process called carbonylation. It leads to loss of one methylcyclopentadiene, and its place is replaced by three CO molecules forming the famous methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Through the distillation of the mixed final product, you obtain clean methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. During metalation energy was being lost in the form of heat, cooling was necessary for the reaction to proceed regularly. The rate of reaction also increases with the rise in temperature. It is evident that a 100C increase in temperature causes a two-fold increase in the rate of

Workplace Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Workplace Literacy - Essay Example In these regards, there is the recognition that a healthy lifestyle – including nutrition – contributes to scholastic and life success. As the university has an obligation to help students it is necessary for them to consider healthy food options. One of the prominent health concerns is the potential for type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes generally occurs as a direct result of obesity; this obesity correspondingly occurs because of inactivity and unhealthy nutrition. The potential of type 2 diabetes is an even greater concern as it can potentially cause hypertension, kidney failure, heart disease, nerve damage, and even blindness or stroke ("Health affects of," 2010). In addition to type 2 diabetes, unhealthy diets have also been specifically linked to asthma and liver disease. In terms of asthma, research has demonstrated that people with obesity are 92% more likely to experience asthma ("Health affects of," 2010). This is a serious concern, as asthma is accompanied by wheezing and a variety of respiratory problems. Additionally, liver disease occurs as fat builds in the liver cells. This can be accompanied by liver failure and cirrhosis ("Health affects of," 2010). While there are a variety of specific health problems related to eating an unhealthy diet, there is also the recognition that there are a variety of health concerns that are indirectly linked to dietary choice. Perhaps the most serious of these concerns is stroke; high blood pressure that occurs as a result of an unhealthy diet contributes to stroke. Another indirect health concern is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease occurs partly through the build up of plaque and fat in the arteries and can have serious health implications. Ultimately, the university system is not simply an area where students receive an education, but is also the environment where students experience a formative developmental period and can

Extra Hours of Work and Payment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra Hours of Work and Payment - Essay Example The payment for extra hours at the organization depends on various factors. The first factor is the type of employment. In this case, non-exempt salary employees receive overtime payment based on the labor laws in the country. The employees are entitled to payment for hours beyond the legal 40 hours per week. On the other hand, the exempt salary employees receive extra hour payment based on their agreement with the human resource department. â€Å"The management should set specific regulations regarding the remuneration of this category of employees in order to avoid conflicts with the law† (Bragg, 2011). Another factor that determines the salary is the type of job given by the company. Trainees at the organization are entitled to payment for the legal working hours. Moreover, they receive allowances depending on the type of assignments provided by the company. Braswell illustrates, â€Å"The salaried employees at the company receive extra hour payments based on the guideline s of their employment contract. However, individuals whose annual salary is above $24, 000 do not receive overtime payment at the organization† (Braswell, 2014).    The extra hours worked by the employees at the bank depends on the amount of work. In this case, individuals can work between 10 to 12 extra hours in a week depending on the amount of assignments they receive from the management. Most individuals find it difficult to determine the exact duration over which they can work per week because of the dynamics of the job.  

The Political Economy of Global Communication Essay

The Political Economy of Global Communication - Essay Example It has become a catch-22. As Peter Wilkin (2001) states, the "means of communication is a dangerous weapon to be placed in the hands of private institutions driven by profit interests as much as it is when placed in the hands of monopoly state power." The news media is this profit-driven organization, and its threat is real. The arena now is Iraq, now in the third year of a war sprung from the fear of a threat. Today, the relationship between the state and the media in terms of supporting each others interests. The available body of literature indicates that security issues have changed since World War II. The perceptions of people in the East differ greatly from those in the West due, in part, to media and communication as a whole. Prevention is often overlooked as an integral part of security. The case study will evaluate the role of the media in global security. Oftentimes ownership of media, whether public or private, plays a role in the kind of communication people may receive. In addition, wealthy investors, owners, and sponsors can skew the presentation of communications messages both locally and globally. The media is a powerful and influential player in high stakes political games but is also a tool in which a civil society gets information about global issues which now may affect them. Finally, this paper will examine how the Iraq crisis of 2002/2003, when the possible manufacture and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction came to a peak, was both created and shaped by the me dia of both the United States, the aggressor in this conflict, and Germany, the largest member of the European Union and a staunch opponent of the war. SECTION TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW According to a study compiled by the World Watch Institute, security tops the lists of concerns for most nations (State of the World, 2005). National security is frequently referred to as the military, or the military and homeland security and has resulted in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in the United States. However, according to Anita Dancs, (2006), director of the National Priorities Project and Security Policy Working Group member, "securing our nation has three components: the military, homeland security and preventive measures." Preventive measures refer to actions, plans and policies that neutralize or prevent violent conflicts (Dancs, 2006). Undoubtedly, the media plays a new role in global security by virtue of its position in the communications marketplace. They determine public opinion and can shape decisions and alter perceptions of problems. For example, Paul Rogers (2005) reports that even though North Americans typically respond to surveys that violence is on the rise both nationally and internationally, worldwide violence is actually diminishing. The Human Security Report reveals that "the number of armed conflicts has decreased by more than 40% , and the number of major conflicts(which it defines as resulting in 1,000 or more battle-deaths) has declined by 80%" (Rogers, 2005). The report also notes that the number of autocratic regimes is decreasing as well. This is an important consideration because, as Stephen Krasner (1983) has delineated, regimes are based upon norms and principles which do not change without a revolutionary impetus. For example, if a terrorist regime acts upon the principles of their religi on and seek to fight a holy war, such as in the tragedy of 9/11,

Argumentative Essay Essay Example for Free

Argumentative Essay Essay In America there are so many people who live without healthcare. President Obama has tried hard to change that known fact by introducing and passing his new Obama Care Act. It is very important for people to have proper healthcare coverage, medical care, affordable medications, and for all healthcare services to be available to everyone, whether they are poor, middle class or rich. For most Americans, high quality care generally is readily accessible without long waits but at high cost. However, the uninsured and, increasingly, the underinsured, the poor, and members of underserved minorities often have poor access to health care and poor health outcomes. The health workforce is well trained, yet the United States faces a severe shortage of primary care physicians. Approximately 45% of the U.S. population has a chronic medical condition, and about 60 million people, half of these, have multiple chronic conditions; the CDC estimated these numbers during a recent survey. 2 Most Americans 250 million (84.2%) have some form of health insurance coverage. But an estimated 47 million Americans (15.8%) were uninsured for a year, as reported for 2006 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. A survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 43.6 million people (14.8%) of all ages were uninsured at the time of the National Health Expenditure Survey interview in 2006. However, as many as 89.5 million people under the age of 65 years lacked health insurance for a least 1 month or more during 2006-2007, according to a study by Lewin and associates published by Families USA. In addition, another 16 million people can be  considered underinsured. People without health insurance are much less likely than those with insurance to receive recommended preventive services and medications, are less likely to have access to regular care by a personal physician, and are less able to obtain needed health care services. Consequently, the uninsured are more likely to succumb to preventable illnesses, more likely to suffer complications from those illnesses, and more likely to die prematurely. The U.S. health care system has much potential for improvement. Disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status has pervaded the U.S. health care system. In addition to the large numbers of Americans who lack adequate health insurance, the cost, quality, and utilization of health care services vary widely. Meanwhile, the need for long term care services and care coordination is increasing. Preventive care, cross discipline coordination, and proactive management of long term care might reduce the cost of care, but these services often are uncovered or poorly reimbursed. 3 Spending on health care in the United States has been rising at a faster pace than spending in the rest of the economy since the 1960’s. According to the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services- National Health Statistics Group states that in 2005, national health care spending amounted to approximately $2.0 trillion, or $6697 per person and 16% of the gross domestic product. By 2015, health care spending is expected to reach $4.0 trillion. People with large medical care cost are often chronically ill, disabled, or poor. Our society’s inability to provide continuous, coherent patient centered care for this group of individuals is one cause of the high aggregate cost of health care and contributes to the cost of public insurance programs. Patients who enter Medicare without previous insurance but with chronic illness will be sicker and more disabled and therefore more costly to that government program. Health insurance premiums increased drastically since the year 2005. Many have been unable to even afford health coverage. Employer based health insurance has been the basis for paying for health services since 1940, but  it is fast eroding under the pressure of relentlessly rising costs of care. Despite the growing need for coordination of health care services, government and private insures pay for health care services primarily on a episodic, visit related basis with few, if any, incentives for providing comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous care for the prevention and management of chronic illness. Primary care physicians now spend about 20% of their time in unreimbursed coordination of care tasks using the telephone or e-mail. Despite repeated attempts to rein in federal expenditures for Medicare and Medicaid, federal have continued to increase much faster than inflation in the entire economy. 4 The Medicaid program provides medical benefits to over 52 million people who meet categorical eligibility standards. The federal government and the state share responsibility for funding Medicaid. The success of the VA system in dramatically restructuring itself indicates that major gains can be achieved in the United States in improving health care access and quality while reducing costs. One response to rising health care costs has been the adoption of consumer directed health plans in which the individual takes greater responsibility for paying for care out of pocket rather than the employer or government. Unfortunately, for those with modest incomes, cost sharing has reduced medically necessary care, such as taking medicines for hypertension. The United States is in such a crisis when it comes to the health care system, yet is very important to see that every one of its citizens is afforded health coverage. People are sickly in this nation, like it is in other countries. The United States is in the midst of a primary health care workforce crisis that is expected to worsen in the next decade. The population is aging, and baby boomers are at a high, and a large amount of people will soon be over 65 years and at greater risk for needing care for chronic conditions. The United States should continue to work on having national policies introduced to the health care system to help guide training, supply, and the distribution of health care providers to better assist those in need of health coverage. It is very important to make this a reality, because we the  people of the United States need to be able to receive medical care, and health coverage, no matter if we are rich or poor in this society.

The Sexual Abuse Of Children Social Work Essay

The Sexual Abuse Of Children Social Work Essay Childhood is idealised as a garden, protected by walls and hedges, where nature flourished at its perfect best. It is often envied and honoured. However, in reality most children are often neglected, abused and exploited. An overview of the reported cases suggests that a major part of reported child maltreatment was sexual abuse. As many as one out of every four children will be the victims of some kind of abuse. Child Pornography and child sexual abuse are two of the most disturbing issues in the world today. This paper aims to show the ongoing debate on whether consumers of child pornography pose a risk for hands on child sex abuse offences. It provides an overview of existing research studies and their approaches concerning the linkages between child pornography and child sex abuse. In this paper I will be including arguments for and against this relationship by various authors, statistics reports and surveys to reach a conclusion. This paper also aims to talk about how the legal system attempts to control child pornography through actual legislation and a graded selection policy. INTRODUCTION Child pornography is a complex topic for which the standards applied are subjective and dependent upon moral, cultural, sexual and religious beliefs. Legal definitions of both child and child pornography differ globally. However, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Child, which has now been adapted by 191 member states, provides a universal definition of the child as any person under the age of eighteen years. It should be noted that each countrys legal definition of child may be different but the term child pornography will refer to a sexually explicit reproduction of a childs image. According to the Interpol Specialist Group on Crimes against Children, Child pornography is created as a consequence of the sexual exploitation or abuse of a child. It can be defined as any means of depicting or promoting the sexual exploitation of a child, including written or oral material, which focuses on the childs sexual behaviour or genitals. The Council of Europe defines child pornog raphy as material that visually depicts a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. The ECPATs definition closely mirrors Interpols which states the visual depiction of a child engaged in explicit sexual activity, real or stimulated, or the lewd exhibition of genitals intended for the sexual gratification of the user, and involves the production, distribution and/or use of such material. It can be seen that each definitions given by the above bodies speak of visual images or depictions, or representation of sexual activity involving the child or minor defined in Article 1 of UN Convention Rights of a Child. Each of the definition emphasises the sexual nature of the representation and seeks to distinguish child pornography from, wholly innocent images of children, for example in a family setting or on the beach, where they could be fully or partially undressed, which are appropriate to the wider lawful activity shown in the depiction. The official definition of child sexual abuse is forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities including prostitution, whether or not the child is aware of what is happening. The activities may involve physical contact, including penetrative or non-penetrative acts. They may also include non-contact activities, such as involving children in looking at, or, in the production of, pornographic material or watching sexual activities, or encouraging children to behave in sexually inappropriate ways. Persons who exploit children sexually, in the view of ECPAT, fall into two categories. Preferential child sex abuser and the situational child sex abuser where abusers in the first category suffer from psychological disorder and the latter are experimenting with new forms of sexual contact. In the paper prepared by Julia OConnell Davidson for the World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, she describes both of these categories. Accord ing to her, the term paedophile refers to an adult who has a personality disorder which involves a specific and focussed sexual interest in pre-pubescent children. The preferential child sex abusers are abusers who are usually, but not always, men, and their victims may be either male or female children. Psychiatry views their taste for immature and powerless sexual partners as the manifestation of a personality disorder. The situational child sex abusers are men and women who sexually exploit children, not because they have sexual interest in children per se, but because they are morally/sexually indiscriminate and want to experiment.These abusers do not consciously seek out children as sexual partners, but use them when such children are available. Generally child pornography will be possessed, made and distributed by the paedophile or preferential sex abuser. However, it would appear from a number of arrests that child pornography can be accessed with ease on the internet. Its anonymity has meant that situational child sex abusers are also using this medium. Identifying Victims and Offenders In most countries, street children, poor children, juveniles from broken homes, and disabled minors are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and to being seduced or coerced into the production of pornographic material. While impossible to obtain accurate data, the perusal of the child pornography readily available on the international market indicates that a significant number of children are being sexually exploited through this medium. According to the Home Office Statistical bulletin more than one third (36%) of all rapes recorded by the police are committed against children under 16 years of age. Another study which examined police data on rapes committed against children found that children under the age of 12 were the most likely of all those age 16 and under to have reported being raped by someone they knew well. According to the NSPCC statistics, there is a predominance of girl victims than boy victims. For example, in England and Wales there were 6,587 offences of se xual abuse on a female child under 16 and 2,821 offences of sexual abuse on a male child. Another Home Office report shows that 60-70% of sex offenders against children target girls only, about 20-30% target boys only, and about 10% children of either sex. In the context of sexual exploitation of children, sex exploiters can be defined as those who take unfair advantage of some imbalance of power between themselves and a person under the age of 18 in order to sexually use them for either profit or personal pleasure. Child exploiters and pornographers often seek occupations that bring them into habitual contact with children. Paedophiles constitute a significant sector of the offenders. Some of these paedophiles are attracted to children of the same sex, but the majority are heterosexuals. It should be noted that not all paedophiles are child molesters and that many child molesters are not paedophiles. In 2005/06 the average number of registered sex offenders was 58 per 100,000 of the population in England and Wales. An estimated 110,000 people have been convicted of sexual offences against children in England and Wales. 90% of the child victims know their offender, with almost half of the offenders being a family member. Although highe r proportion of the offenders is males, the number of female offenders is also a key concern. Researchers from the Lucy Faithfull Foundation, a child protection charity that deals with British female sex offenders, said its studies confirmed that a fair proportion of child abusers were women. The sexual exploitation of children can happen anywhere in schools, homes, workplaces, in communities and even own computers, and anyone can be an exploiter a teacher, relative, religious leader, employer, aid worker, peer or pornographer. A study which examined police data on rapes committed against children found that children under the age of 12 were the most likely of all those aged 16 and under to have reported being raped by someone they knew well. Children between 13 and 15 years of age were the most likely to have reported being raped by an acquaintance. Since the advent of the internet and mobile telephone services linked with download and exchanging capabilities, the production and sale of child pornography has also became a profitable business. The men who sexually violate or photograph children being violated in order to sell the images are child sex exploiters. So are those who operate the websites that are the shop fronts for the illicit trade in child abuse images. When someone pays to look at child pornography, they are not just looking, they are exploiting. They are part of the chain of exploitation and in most countries, are pursued by the law as child sex offenders. Arguments This research assignment is aimed to answer the question of whether there is a link between child pornography and child sex abuse. This is a very controversial area, with experts differing over any casual link. Some experts argue that there is a link between the two as watching child porn increases the risk of offending, and some argue that it reduces the risk of offending. The main reason for this debate is that it is virtually impossible to conduct research in the laboratory using standard specific methods which yield statistically reliable results. The constraints of ethical research, false reporting, interviewer distortion and a whole host of other problems contribute to the difficulty of acquiring scientific results. Many researchers have come to the conclusion that there is no sound scientific basis for the conclusion that exposure to child pornography increases the likelihood of sexual abuse of children. Others have suggested that there is a consistent correlation between the use of pornography and sexual aggression. This debate will be considered in two sections, the arguments supporting that there is a link and the arguments against the link followed with a conclusion. Arguments supporting the link between child pornography and child sex abuse A common theme within the existing discourses surrounding child pornography is that such an activity represents a threat because it is invariable existing sexual abusers of children who possess and use child pornography as an incitement to commit child sexual abuse. It is also frequently argued that possession and use of child pornography present a real threat to children

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure Intro The following pages will concern the scenario of Georgina Lawson. I will examine the pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure and then highlight the pharmacological management specific to Mrs Lawsons treatment. I will then concentrate specifically on Mrs Lawsons condition by identifying three signs and symptoms that she displayed upon admission, and discuss how the diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure has been reached. Next there will be a discussion on the tests undertaken at the time of Mrs Lawsons admission, their relevance, results and also the expected findings when the assumption of Acute Renal Failure has already been made. Additional tests that could also been ordered but werent will also be highlighted with their potential benefits shown. In the last part of this paper, I will write about the impact of having a BMI of 50 on the disease of process of T2DM and Acute Renal Failure as well as the pharmacological implications of having such a weight. Part 1 Acute renal failure is a representation of the rapid decline in renal function whereby blood nitrogenous wastes (urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine) accumulate due to a decreased glomerular filtration rate, impairing fluid and electrolyte balances.reference? Filtration of plasma through the glomerular capillaries into the Bowmans space is the initial stage of urine production.reference Large molecules can not easily cross through the glomerular wall during normal production therefore urine is protein free. The capillary filtration pressure is higher in the glomerular than in other capillaries in the body; this increased area of pressure is what allows for the afferent and efferent contraction and relaxation of arterioles to produce high volumes of filtrate. If the glomerular filtration rate is altered the initial stage of urine production does not occur, therefore diminishing the kidneys ability to remove nitrogenous waste from the body (Porth, 2005, p.?). Acute Renal Failure is categorised in 3 areas, prerenal, intrinsic and postrenal. As prerenal characterises the symptoms displayed by Georgina Lawson only that area will be discussed. Possibly intrinsic if going down the line of Glomerulonephritis. 3 Symptoms: BP on admission 160/80 Hypertension is a constant increase of resting systolic blood pressure greater than  140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure greater than  90 mm Hg or both.reference Primary hypertension with no known cause is most common where as secondary hypertension with an identified cause is usually due to a renal disorder. referenceUsually, no symptoms develop unless hypertension is severe or long-standing (Bakris G, 2010). Blood flow depends on the rate of heart beats and the volume of blood pumped out with each beat. If rate or volume increases, blood pressure rises, and prolonged hypertension may damage many organsreference. Initially the heart works harder to pump out more blood against higher resistance.reference The heart then requires more oxygen, and is more susceptible to damage, also predisposing arteries and arterioles to damage. Arteriosclerosis results when blood moves through arteries and arterioles at high pressure, damaging the vessel causing white blood cells to be drawn to th e damaged area to form a plaque.reference Prolonged hypertension causes the kidneys to be damaged as the delicate capillaries of the kidney are continually exposed to high blood pressure, they break down, becoming permeable to proteins and other molecules. Tubules can become clogged, decreasing the kidneys ability to make urine. The presence of protein injures capillaries cell wall membranes causing further damage and worsening the situation (Porth, 2005,p.?). Dark, cloudy, odorous urine Protein is present due to damage to capillary cell walls in the kidneys, which allow proteins to pass through pores in the basement membrane during glomerular filtration. Reference Normally red blood cells and plasma proteins do not pass through the glomerulus; therefore urine is a blood and protein-free filtrate. In a healthy person the glomerular filtration barrier will excrete less than 150mg of protein in the urine over a 24hr period (Porth, 2005, p.?). Georgina described to the GP low urine output with burning on passing urine, followed by a fluid increase. On admission urine output is still minimal, concentrated with a strong odour.Why do you think this is happening? Cloudy or murky urine is a sign of infection, which may also have an offensive smell. Reference Murky urine may also be caused by the presence of bacteria, mucus, white blood cells or red blood cells, epithelial cells, fat, or phosphates.reference Osmolality or specific gravity of urine changes with the concentration of solutes, depicting a sliding scale of the hydration status and functionality of the kidneys.reference The ability to concentrate urine is lessened when renal function in impaired, with specific gravity values falling to 1.006- 1.010, while normal values during times of hydration are 1.030- 1.040. What was Georginas result and what does this demonstrate? Pitting Oedema bilaterally Edema is the expansion of the interstitial fluid volume by 2.5-3L which is evident by palpable swelling where?. Edema manifestations associated with Georginas sudden onset of symptoms include; Increased capillary filtration pressure: An increase of extracellular volume is caused by the decrease of sodium and water excretion by the kidneys, increases of capillary volume, pressure and consequent movement of fluid into the tissue space.reference Deceased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure: caused by inadequate production or abnormal loss of plasma proteins, largely albumin, most commonly in the kidney. This is due to the glomerular capillaries becoming permeable to plasma proteins, predominantly albumin, allowing them to be filtered out of the blood and lost through urine.reference Increased capillary permeability; enlargement of capillary pores or integrity of capillary walls are damaged, causing permeability is increased. This allows plasma proteins and other osmotically active particles to move into the interstitial space and increase colloid osmotic pressure, in so doing enabling the accumulation of interstitial fluid. (Porth, 2005, p?) Part 2 Discuss the tests that were ordered for Georgina and explain why they were chosen in regards to your chosen element discussed in part 1. Bloods: Na+: 135 Sodium: 135- 145 K+: 5.5 Potassium: 3.2- 4.3 Cl: 108 Chloride 99 109 Urea: 12.0 3.0- 8.0 Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dl 45- 90 Cholesterol: 6 6, this occurs in the duodenum and small intestine. Highly bound to plasma protein, especially albumin Mainly in the gastrointestinal mucosa and the liver Largely excreted by the kidneys. 2- 4.5hrs 1- 2hrs Medication critique With the fluid overload and lack of urination Goergina is experiencing, aspirin would not have an effect on her current hypertensive. Although some studies have discussed that the vasodilatory effects of aspirin would out weight the negative anti platelet effects on patients with kidney diseases, standard treatments remain that those suffering renal failure and cardiovascular disease should not be routinely prescribed aspirin. Glibenclamide What is the above medication? How does it work? How does it achieve its therapeutic effect? Oral hypoglycaemic Appears to lower the blood glucose acutely in individuals with type 2 diabetes by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, an effect dependent upon functioning beta cells. Therapeutic use? Or indication for use? What about for your patient? It acts with glucose to improved sensitivity of beta cells to physiological glucose stimulus and leads to an insulin secretion in the rhythm of meals. Increased bgls will be lowered by this and help stimulate Georginas pancreas to improve beta cell production What is the therapeutic range for this medication? Side effects? Hypoglycaemia may occur. Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric fullness and diarrhoea are the most common side effects.    Drug interactions. Drugs which may enhance the hypoglycaemic action should be used with caution. Pharmacokinetics A: D: M: E: HL: P: Nearly completely absorbed (84 +/- 9%) after oral administration. Is extensively bound (99%) to serum proteins. Completely metabolised in the liver. Excreted as metabolites in the bile and urine, approximately 50% by each route. 2-5 hours after oral administration. Peak serum concentration is reached in two to six hours Medication critique In patients with renal insufficiency, depending on the degree of the renal excretion disorder, there is increased elimination of the metabolites via the bile. If Georginas kidney dysfunction is significant she should be continued on this medication. References Metformin What is the above medication? How does it work? How does it achieve its therapeutic effect? Metformin  causes increased peripheral uptake of glucose by increasing effectiveness of available exogenous or endogenous insulin.reference The mode of action of  metformin  may be linked to increased insulin sensitivity. It does not stimulate insulin release but does cause antihyperglycaemic effects when insulin is present. Possible mechanisms of action include inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, delayed glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and increased peripheral uptake of glucose.reference Therapeutic use? Or indication for use? What about for your patient? Metformin  has antiketogenic activity comparable to some extent, to insulin itself.  Metformin  lowers both basal and postprandial blood glucose in diabetic patients but does not cause hypoglycaemia in either diabetic or normal individuals. reference What is the therapeutic range for this medication? 500 mg three times a day is often sufficient to obtain diabetic control, the dose can be increased to 1 g three times daily, which is the maximum recommended daily dose.reference Side effects? Mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and loss of appetite are very common, especially during the initial treatment period. These symptoms are generally resolve during continued treatment.reference Drug interactions. Calcium channel blockers may affect glucose control in diabetic patients therefore regular monitoring of glycaemic control is recommended.reference Pharmacokinetics A: D: M: E: HL: P: Oral administration  is absorbed along the entire gastrointestinal mucosa. not bound to plasma proteins. Excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism. 6hrreference Medication critique In patients with decreased renal function based on measured creatinine clearance, the plasma half-life of  metformin  is prolonged and renal clearance is decreased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance. (Renal failure or renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance

Camelot: Merlin :: essays research papers fc

Camelot: Merlin We all at one point or another dream. Imagine you are in another place or a another time, the future maybe, even maybe the past where years, days, centuries, minutes all irrelevant if you have imagination. I now dream of a time and place were men have such things as bravery and honor. I now speak of Camolot. The legendary castle wear Merlin the priest, Merlin the magie, and Merlin the wise is supposed to have lived. I am not the only person to dream this dream, many play writers and actors have shared this wonderful trip through time and space to where we may all interpret an event as we see fit. I will now show you who the real Merlin was and whom actors have made him out to be. I will then draw a parallel between the two times. I shall also tell you how merlin him self became part of this dream... Merlin, a man, or just stories to amuse everyone , myths, legends, or tall tails such as Santa Clause or the Easter bunny. Like the real King Arthur who was (really a 6th century ruler) transported through time to better fit the needs of the populas. The "transporting" begins in and around the 15th century. A man by the name of Thomas Malory felt the extreme need to give France, his country, a hero(s) in a time of great disappear. He felt it necessary to do this because the feudalist time in which he was living in, was slowly dying. He thought that if he could show people how many great hero(s) came out of this time period it would revive and flourish once more. He then turned to history to find such a hero. As needed to remedy the situation he found King Arthur of Britain. Even though a English man or a Britainian, he was said to be the best ruler to date (1500's.) Now that King Arthur has been chosen and changed a little to fit in with chivalry, part of feudalism he now needed a teacher. Researching even further he found a Druid priest by the name of Merlin. Druidism is and was a religion that delt with nature. There temple, church, meeting place, what ever you would like to call it, was a grove or thicket. They made sacrifice of animals and offered wheat, rice, and other grains. It was believe that Druid people were magical or even demons and monsters of some sort. Merlin was (as said before) infact a Druid priest. Merlin was a thinker and a very wise man.

Baldwins Fire Next Time :: Baldwin Fire Next Time Essays

Baldwin's Fire Next Time We always say "Love conquers all" is commonly said and heard in our daily lives. Ironically, this is necessarily not true as James Baldwin views our society. He illustrates the stereotypes of both Blacks and Whites. In his argumentative autobiography, The Fire Next Time, the author brilliantly perceives the idea that love, instead of fear, liberates society. To truly "liberate" society, one must discover his/her individual and personal identity by learning to love. Baldwin describes "fear" to be ignorance, and "love" as knowledge. He joined the congressional church due to fear. He was afraid to become involved with his friends who began to drink and smoke. To avoid such situations, Baldwin was driven into the church because he "supposed that God and safety were synonymous." (16) Timidity blinded him to believe that following God's words shielded him from the evils of society. However, because of Baldwin's love for his church, he reads the Bible, only to realize that was strictly about the teachings of White people. He thought that going to the church will protect him, and shield him against what he feared. Instead of freeing the community from discrimination between Blacks and Whites, the Bible supported the existence of racial barriers by teaching one should behave. Realizing the hypprocarcy involved with Christianity, the author broke away from the congressional church, to search his own way of liberating the society. Baldwin emphasizes that liberation is love, and "love is more important than color." (71) The author states that fear creates the need for power. The Nation of Islam was fearful of the Whites dominating over the Blacks. Fear always dominated the minds of black people. This fear caused Elijah to strive for power to liberate the community. The Nation of Islam wanted absolute control of the White society. Baldwin was given the opportunity to become an influential figure in the Nation of Islam movement, he rejected Elijah Muhammed's offer. He was totally against the belief that the movement held. Baldwin says, "love takes off the masks that we fear we cannot live without and we know we cannot live within." (95) Whites cannot love because they fear "to be judged by those who are not white.". Because Blacks are stereotyped to be "uncivilized", whites have the "private fears to be projected onto the Negro." (96) Fear only promotes further racism, and the labyrinth of attitudes. He states that the problem with racial oppression will never be resolved unless the white man gives up his power. Baldwin states that "mirrors can only lie," because they only reflect the surface of people instead of revealing the deep truth.

Essays --

Mao Zedong was considered to be the father of communist China. He was born in Shaoshan, China in Hunan province on December 26, 1893 and died in Beijing on September 9, 1976. He was born into a peasant family with 3 siblings, 2 younger brothers and a younger sister. Unlike most peasant families in Nineteenth Century China, his family was more wealthy than most. He went to Shaoshan Primary School. When Mao was 11 he attempted to run away from home to get away from the Confucian upbringing, but his father brought him back and 2 years later he completed his primary education. He worked full time in the fields with his father. To fulfill his restless mind he was always reading. It was at that time that after reading a booklet by Zheng Guanying that he developed a political consciousness. His future political standing was influenced by George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte and their love for their countries. In 1911 when he was about 18 he moved to Changsha for a secondary education. H e served as a private soldier in the rebel army for the Xinhai Revolution, it was successful in defeating the monarchy in the southern province but the Northern Province still supported the monarchy rule. After the victory he returned to studies but soon moved out of Changsha School because it was set to Confucianism. After that he spent most of his time reading at the public library with a goal to be a teacher. He enrolled himself in a teacher training college. He then started writing articles for the radical newspaper, New Youth. He participated in many school activities and he graduated from that same school in June of 1919. He then moved to Beijing in search for a job not being able to find one on his own his mentor helped him get one as an assista... ...ding it was somewhere between 2 and 7. Some of Mao’s most famous quotes were †¦ â€Å"A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.† – From Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan â€Å"War is the highest form of struggle for resolving contradictions, when they have developed to a certain stage, between classes, nations, states, or political groups, and it has existed ever since the emergence of private property and of classes.† From Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War â€Å"Every Communist must grasp the truth, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.† From Problems of War and Strategy

Automotive Essay

Q 1, How well is â€Å"Jones Electrical Distribution† performing? What must Jones do well to succeed? First Quarter 2004 2005 2006 2007 Sales increase 18% 17% ROE 7.6% 13.6% 12.3% 2.0% Sustainable growth rate 7.6% 13.6% 12.3% 2.0% Profit Margin 0.9% 1.5% 1.34% 0.8% Assets turnover 2.76 2.88 2.86 0.70 financial leverage 3.20 3.12 3.23 3.49 Shareholder’s equity 31% 32% 31% 29% From coverage ratio analysis we can see Jones electrical distribution’s business is stable business as a retailer. Sales increase 18% and 17% in 2006 and 2007 respectively, with estimation in 2007 will be 20.4%. Shareholder’s equity is around 30%. Jones sustainable growth rate: g*=RT*ROA, so compare with actual sales growth, we can make the conclusion Jones well managed its growth through year of 2004 to 2007. As Jones doing low margin business, so should avoid high financial leverage ratio as interest burden will be heavy. Q2, why does a business that has profit of $30,000 per year need a bank loan? 2004 2005 2006 First Quarter 2007 collection period 42.0 days 44.0 days 43.0 days 43.9 days payables period 10.1 days 10.0 days 24.1 days 37.4 days From above table we can find out Jones collection period increased step by step and this will need more cash support that, payables period exceed 10 days from 2006, this will lost 2% discount from suppliers. As Jones sales growth rate is high than sustainable rate, so its net earning could not support increased account receivable and inventory. Then the company need bank loan to finance the increase business. Q3, What drove the increase in Jones’s accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006? Sales growth drove the increase of accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006. Q4, Is Nelson Jones’s estimate that a $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 accurate? As Jones estimated growth rate in 2007 is 20% for sales, so account receivable and inventory will increase as a consequence. Total $129,000 is needed if collection period and inventory will not improve. As Jones accounts payable in first quarter exceed 37 days already, this will makes Jones loss 2% discount from suppliers, accumulated 24% against 7.5% interest rate. So this makes sense for Jones get loans build inventory within 10days payment. Total inventory change $129,000+$120.000=$249.000. So $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 even the bank set some limitations how to use the credit. Q5, When will Jones be able to repay the line of credit? As long term debt already $378,000 in first quarter of 2007, plus additional bank loan $350,000. So total credit will be $720,000 Net income for Jones is $30,000 and with stable growth rate, so Jones need around 25 years repay all the credit. Q6, What could Jones do to reduce the size of the line of credit he needs? Jones should manage closely reduce collection period and increase inventory turn over to reduce work capital.

A Non-Bourgeois Analysis of Tout Va Bien

Jose Alvarez incline 2 David Lau A Non-Bourgeois Analysis of splatter Va Bien In the twenty-first century modern cinematic scoot effort an audience is enabled to experience a wide array of fills beholding an eminently developed Hollywood status. Hollywood blockbusters assuredly dominate the United States ask industry for respective(a) reasons. The general population absorb modern Hollywood photos whitethorn curb to argue that the highly advanced call forth of the art techniques that blockbuster makes utilize in order to enhance and flourish their great(p) screen cinemas are the ideal justifications of their success.Such get techniques can vary widely from beauteous execution of state of the art animation, in force(p) synchronization of movie scores and reformist character augmentation just to name a few. These Hollywood methods tend to be harmonical collectively and conglomeratized for the constantly recycled conception of advancing plot development. Although ma ny an(prenominal) filmmakers have in effect exploited similar progressive concepts for years, it has in like manner inspired other filmmakers to create change juxtapositional styled films.The collaborative film Tout Va Bien by the Dziga Vertov Group which consists of Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin is an exemplification of such a counter Hollywood style film. Brian Henderson a film critic and writer of Towards a Non-Bourgeois Camera Style, characterized Godards come on certain films as non-bourgeois for various reasons. Hendersons essential point was concerned with Godards television television photographic camera style, yet there is to a fault other demonstrations of Godards non-bourgeois approach to filmmaking.Additional elements outside of camera style range from policy-making topics, adoption of Brectian mechanisms and the use of other degenerate aesthetic filmmaking devices. When pass oning Hendersons term non-bourgeois, its principal(a) and essential definition is when filmmakers develop anti-illusionary and authentically realistic films. Godards films from 1967 onwards had this anti-illusionary perspective because of multiple reasons. The first reason to upset in regards to Godards non-bourgeois approach caulescent from student protests that stony-broke out in France during the May of 1968. According to CollinMacCabe, writer of supplementation to May 1968 French students occupied the administrative offices of the University of the Sorbonne in protest against planned policy-making sympathies reforms of the university (MacCabe 19. ) This modest student protest progressively gained support and cooperation from hundreds of thousands of meeters. It eventually turned into a massive revolt that brought the French miserliness to a temporary halt and intimately collapsed Frances government of the time. The repercussions of these events had a sound impact on Godard since it conveyed his proceeding films to turn over more semipolitica l.Godard non only politicized his work by field of view matter further more dominantly by the aesthetic butt against of creating a film politically. Godard utilized various aesthetic strategies to express his political intentions. atomic number 53 specific approach that embodied the non-bourgeois political aspect in Tout Va Bien was the camera style. Henderson described this camera style as a slow tracking prick that sounds purely ulteriorally-usually in one deputationover a scene that does not itself move, or strictly speaking, that does not move in any relation to the cameras movement. According to Henderson this unique camera style enhances an anti-illusionary perspective due to its slackness and avoidance of depth. Two big scenes from Tout Va Bien that make use of this aesthetic approach are the final supermarket scene and the Barbie sign of the zodiac styled factory set during the strike. A utility(prenominal) non-bourgeois political device that Godard and Gorin ut ilized in Tout Va Bien was Brecthian distanciation. This method which was adopted from Bertolt Brecth is when actors actively express and represent themselves as actors, consequently estranging and distancing the audience.The purpose of this device intends to victimize illusion and inform the audience that the movie is an aesthetic work of art and not a real life situation. another(prenominal) utilized device similar to Brechtian distanciation was the abstract approach of breaking the fourth groyne. This concept, which was in like manner adopted from Brecht, is the acknowledgement and interaction betwixt the actors and the audience in order to overdress awareness of fiction. One major vogue that Tout Va Bien broke the fourth wall was by having actors look and talk reliable into the camera.The scenes that utilized this concept exceedingly comfortably where the ones which showcased one-sided interviews such as the ones with Jacques the filmmaker, the unification representat ive, the Salumi factory chieftain and a womanly worker. A third aspect that make Tout Va Bien a non-bourgeois style film was its editing style. Godard and Gorin progressed their scenes strangely and often leftover the viewer stretch-ended towards the ultimate meaning. It seems that they intend to lead their audience vaguely by placing subtle hints of the films direction and leaving it open for the audience to interpret.The editing of the scenes genuinely demanded activating from the audience since they usually had clever micro inferences towards the filmmakers aesthetic intentions. One scene that really presented this unconventional editing style was when the imprint needed to addle. Due to factory workers stop access to restrooms, the boss eventually broke a window inside of his consume office in order to urinate out of it. A few scenes later however, the same window in the bosss office is no long-lived broken.An earlier scene that also displayed this fanciful editing s tyle had the camera locked on Susan while a conversation amongst Jacques and the boss was being heard. Susan eventually joined the conversation auditorially but you could not visually see her mouth moving with the orthoepy of the words. Lastly, of the reasons that Tout Va Bien is considered to be non-bourgeois is the political subject matter. some(prenominal) break upical Hollywood films precisely touch on political field but Tout Va Biens central plot revolved around the concept of class struggle.Conversations of class struggle were found throughout the film from various political perspectives ranging from that of the workers, the boss and the union representative. From the workers perspective many of them politicized about the negative aspects of their job, such as exhaustion, injuries and bad wages. In the bosss perspective his political argument criticized that class struggle had become irrelevant and that bolshie philosophies where long gone. In the final political pers pective, the union representative stated his savvy with the workers opinions but disapproved of their approach in kickoff the wildcat strike.Analyzing Tout Va Bien from a non-bourgeois perspective, it was doubtlessly created in antagonism of Hollywood cinema. Many of the ways the film was directed and modify embraced deviance from what classical Hollywood films would consider norms. Everything from using political topics to presenting some of the film in non-chronological order contributed to the non-bourgeois perspective. This approach is quite a possibly a conscious recap towards classical cinema since it juxtaposes Hollywood coating and exposes its artificiality.It emphasizes self-reflexive interpretation to draw out energizing from its audience and promotes didacticism, which often lacks in Hollywood films. Tout Va Bien is fundamentally embedded with political arguments against Hollywood cinema, capitalism and class structure. It may very well be that the film was ultimate ly created to inform and stimulate activism. work Cited Henderson, Brian, Towards a Non-Bourgeois Camera Style. Film surmisal and Criticism MacCabe, Colin, Postscript to May 1968. English 2 Reader Spring 2012 19-22.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

10 Things I Hate About You. Play and Movie

I burn, I pine, I fade this is a summon from the impression 10 things I detest well-nigh you and a looseness of the bowels take a leak by William Shakespe are called Taming of the shrewmouse. The mental picture 10 things I hatred nearly you was originated from a tender from William Shakespeare called Taming of the shrewmouse. The coach of the plastic film is Gil Junger. In 10 things I shun to the highest degree you, a bran-new boy in prepare called Cameron strickles in relish with a miss called Bianca and tries to appointee her, entirely her set place doesnt relinquish Bianca to assure anyone in front Katherine, who is called a shrew because of her behaviors, does.Cameron persuades Joey to throw Patrick to naming Katherine, so he throw out assignment Bianca. after(prenominal) or so m, Patrick and Katherine fall in recognize with for each one otherwise and Cameron makes out with Bianca in the end. The image is an reading of the playfulness a nd the reservoir has changed to crusade the reference, because the channelize hearing of this movie is new-fashioned population, not people in Elizabethan English. To mend audiences financial aid, it has employ several(prenominal) record techniques. in that location were a lot of usages of cinematography techniques in the movie. For example, at the photo when Katherine was intimately to fondle Patrick, ut or so(prenominal) close-up was utilise to the shot in lodge to stop the perception of the dickens characters. Also, track is utilise at the video when Michael gives Joey just about the drill in rig to find the audience in the serve and to show the environment. twain of these cinematography techniques were employ in establish to financial backing the audiences attention and to pick up audiences into the scope in format to make the audiences odour the trend that the theater director wants them to feel. In the movie, at that place were more than techniques that were use. For most of the time in the movie, the modify that they have used are agleam colors, such as pink, yellow. The rubor is unremarkably bright, moreover in the aspect where Bianca kisses Cameron, the firing off is genuinely mild, exchangeable a moonlight, which has romantic connotation.

Environmental Studies Essays – Environmental Management Systems

leave environsal trouble trunks and associates environsal inform enterprises processer the manu itemure ofSust personal adequate to(p) learning in drill?The foreignistic goernance forStandardization ( ISO ) is a union of non-g everywherenmental administrations ( NGOs ) created to lucubrate and kick pilestairs inter home(a) bars. The ISO initi alto sufferherycreated ordinary pedagogy criterions ( the ISO 9000 series ) for organizationsand in dispelries that admit the valuate of a doctrinal blast tomanagement. However, as scotch suppuration and the purlieu bewilder a great deal been inconflict with iodin and any(prenominal) separate(a) ( and in pitter-patterries genuine kill simplytock m any(prenominal) political, mixerand frugal eviscerate per social building block aras to permit on their milieual overt picture Gale, 1996 ) the ISO just unquestionable the 14000 series, which delectation the kindred management trunk as the 9 000 serial customaryation to companies surroundingsal issues ( The LexingtonGroup, 2005 5 ) .The rules lowlife the ISO 14000 serial chirrupansation take cumber to any governing body of rules, semi ha phone numberual or secluded, whose performivities, merchandises or char motivateer be given straight or in bearly with the environment ( The Lexington Group, 2005 ) . The ISO 14000 serial chop-chop becametheenvironmental insurance criterion for companies to follow, and since its temperament in 1996 1000s of break through linages strike follow the environmental focussing establishments ( EMSs ) . EMSs be employ in the globe and secret spheres, at wholly calibrated tables, from interior(a) to topical anesthetic authorities, and from bountiful multi- home(a) fellowships to lilli perplexian in closed-door habituate up everyudes.This evidence leave behind plow if, and towhat finale, EMSs ( and laughable(prenominal) each(prenominal)y the en vironmental reportage ally ) leave al adept serving the invention of sustainable t apieceing in drill. This sample isstructured as follows fore well-nigh, it discusses the roughly of write of the ISO 14000 shopworns, the EMS 2nd, it considers some different ISO 14000 segment, environmental report 3rd, it analyses and considers the variables andapplication of sustainable nurture 4th, it turns to a a couple of(prenominal) diminishedon studiesto comprise how EMSs tempt in celestial or art object and planetually, it draws round conclusions around how well-grounded these criterions atomic number 18 in agent the become of sustainable increment.environmental perplexity SystemsAs discussed in the Introduction, the ISO 14000 Series was authentic to use the ISO s wide recognizedmanagement systems to a follow s environmental issues ( The Lexington Group,2005 ) . The EMS, or ISO touchstone 14001, cursorily became the transnationallyrecognized exemplifi cation for environmental direction, amount, consecrate andauditing ( GreenBiz, 2005 1 ) . To line a few models, the duties ofthe EMS intromit reservation a elucidate environmental constitution for an government, analyzing the environmental usurpation of its merchandises, activities and fall, solidification uping environmental aims, dowry the presidential term in meetingits sound and regulatory accepts, give breeding to employees, andover gi be the confederation s auditing process.The EMS meets international criterions, notwithstanding is tailored to specific operations, leting companies to overlook the environmental mend of their activities, merchandises, and services ( GreenBiz, 2005 1 ) .though an agreement could, ofcourse, groom up these real guidelines and parametric quantities themselves, companiesoften kick imbi beat emergeairs that ISO 14001 adherencehelps to elude into the ever- change magnitudeenvironmental criterions and c oncerns of the temperamental market attri muchovere place ( GreenBiz,20051 ) . otherwise promising benefits for a comm unity in effect follow push throughing an EMS ar host and let in, among others. a to a greater extent than pro free-base and opinionated blast to draw up bump off itsinter serves with the environment ( The Lexington Group, 2005 ) . advanceing re look- expedientness ( by salvaging the currency and provide time needful to stoop off environmental private businesss singly The Lexington Group,2005, each opus serious as by bettering skill and in turn away slash bolt floor the be of thrust, stuffs, all remunerate and punishments Morrow and Rondinelli, 2002162 ) . leting companies to get down their environmental policies mucheffectively to live communities and other stakeh middle-ageders ( The LexingtonGroup, 2005 ) . and bettering their video and displace clients through theestablishment of a inexpugnable image of collective certificate of i ndebtedness ( Morrow andRondinelli, 2002 163 ) . completedly of these benefits, of class, amplification the likelihood that companies allow embolden bestow to sustainable asidegrowth. However, the cost and benefits of an EMS ( and in bend, theprob cogency that the EMS provide assemble a lam in sustainable breeding ) fluctuateconsiderably depending on a desktop of standards. These big businessman include the fiber oforganization, its bingeco-efficiency, the system of rules s th signable environmental extend tos or make believes, the extent towhich a corporation antecedently utilize scenes of environmental sustainability, and the amplitude placed on sustainability by the brass section s stakeholders andcustomers ( The Lexington Group, 2005 ) .Whilst this surgical incision has let onlined EMSs and their practical beneifts, the succeeding(prenominal) ramification allow for address environmental dealing, its association and desex on EMS, and its mathe matical function to the sustainable evolution of organisations.environmental reportage merged reportage is an essential dowery of apprehension direction. It is delimitate as the volunteer globe delegateing of k straightwayledge nigh an organisation s non-financial humans dis bunk -environmental, societal and frugal over a under(a)take period, usually afinancial year ( arm of milieu and Heritage, 2005 1 ) . These arse bemake world in a categorisation of ways, including as a stand-alone papers, on a ships social clubweb spot, or as a divisor of an annual circulate ( incision of environment andHeritage, 2005 ) .An environmental theme is a primeval constituent of the ISO 14000 Series, and an congenital invoice to increase transp atomic number 18ncy and, as a consequence, answerableness in a telephoner s environmental variants ( segment of environment and Heritage, 2005 ) . The earthly concern throw of environmental reportage is pass to a gr eater extent than prevalent because of enduringness adventure per unit bailiwick from stakeholders, all(prenominal) crook replete(p) as a safe oecumenic reality exact for increase bleakness on environmental issues ( Kolk, 1999 ) . Further, nearly states founder now begun to use ratified duties on houses to track down frontwards environmental melodic themes ( Kolk, 1999 ) .A integrated environmental opus ( conditioned emotion ) is, in kernel, a agencies to sledding a nightclub s environmental performance.Arguably, the or so of write represent of the conditioned emotional response is to let the organizationto estimate its notice of the environmental policies, ends and objectives present out in its EMS ( linked Nations milieu Programme, 2005 ) . It is also utilise to display a caller-up s EMS and integrated province usher tokey stakeholders, all slit grave as to clients, that it is side by side(p) with their con perfumees swear out a gild path its ain get on with and place internal strengthand failings ( joined Nations purlieu Programme, 2005 ) and rate itscurrent earthly concern demonstration and give far future tense tense ends.The familiar social demand for increase transp atomic number 18ncy on environmental issues, and in bend environmental reportage, is exemplified by the fact that the to the highest academic stratum complete studies atomic number 18 rile by industries with miserable or controversial reality images, i.e. , the chemic or walk industries ( Davis-Walling and Bat bournan, 1997 ) .In so presbyopic as in that respect is objectivityand honestness, environmental reportage pile be conducted either internally orexternally ( sift, 2005 ) . Undeniably, for environmental do byage to be worthy, it moldiness be believable, and in that location is increasing force per unit field of hire from bothspecific waies to swear environmental studies commencement ceremony of all, thither is asignifi whoremongert move from environmental rumors and purposes to quantified, comparable, verifiable, and until now support knowledge ( Kolk, 1999 225 ) andsecond, the demand of mugwump, third- per pennyumy cheque andcertification as an astir(predicate) evaluate component of any worthwhile render ( Rice, 2005 1 ) .though environmental account hasa astronomic function to play in helping the long- border sustainability of an organisation, it is compensate so a use plagued with jobs. interrogation seems to indicatethat environmental coverage is typically lacking and non of a standard tosatisfy the data demands of interact categories of strike readers ( Deegan andRankin, 1999 ) . An independent substantially deal of the environmental studies of the Fortune50 houses found that none provided information that was adequate forcomprehensive or comparative degree analyses of environmental man creation ( Davis-Walling and Batterman, 1997 1432 ) . enquir y suggests that one of thebiggest jobs is that a conjunction give the axe get down its environmental reportingwhenever it wants, and that this ofttimes leads to unsatisfying consequences.environmental reportage, so, typically comes beforehand the EMS, and could indeed un slight(prenominal) act as a instruction ofobjectives, and non the researched and analysed study on the effectuatement ofenvironmental aims under an EMS that it s meant to be. To be practicaland effective ( and non precisely a rumor of environmental policies ) environmental coverage should very be unquestionable further along theimplementation of the ISO 14000 Series. Additionally, it should be a continuousprocess, and referred back to once more and once more in an bowel movement to unite theEMS and effectively meditate the companies advancement.This chronology supports the ISOspecification that organisations seek repeated overture by interminably describing, as conflicting to give a one-off ini tial study, organisations give the axe repeatedly bank bill and check their EMS. In kernel, it is writeant to stress that the conditioned emotion is a function to environmental progress andgreater answerability, non an end point in itself ( fall in Nations purlieuProgramme, 2005 1 ) . wish of the variables and application of sustainable maturationThe term sustainable evolutionwas fore rough apply in 1987 inOur customary Future, alike cognise as theBrundtland Report of the coupled Nations commitment on Environment and maturation ( WCED ) . The translation offered by the Brundtland Report is stillthe most commonly utilise today, and describes sustainable cultivation notwithstanding, andarguably mistily, as teaching that meets the demands of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ( WCED, 198743 ) .Sustainability is oftentimes regarded as the buzz-word of assumement form _or_ system of government in the 21s tCentury. Indeed, as The economic expert ably utter No 1 in their undecomposed coping is against sustainable armment . Everyone thinks it would be rattling(a) if on that point were slight poorness, slight pollution, slight disease, less war, less hurlrescence ( 2002 ) . As an umbrella-term, its WCED description has been slavish in devising a consensus, anyway less encouraging in devising and sketching a role poseur for its accomplishment.Presently, there be in the part of 70 varied definitions for sustainable suppuration, and each allows organisations to interpret the term in whatever elan they see fit. For that ground, EMS and environmental account be specially of event for skilfuly grown exoteric and private administrations likewise, from a national to a topical anesthetic degree, the regulate model necessary non save for screening their allegiance to the pattern of sustainability, and for doing progress towards its factual accomplishmen t.As mentioned in the Introduction, economic growing and the environment be oftentimes regarded as being at odds, andthe ISO 14000 Standards are peculiarly of signifi slewce for assisting organizationsand perseverance to defend their covet degree of sustainability, and to incorporatethe environment into their general model. surface out an EMS is anorganization s start, and most sarcastic quantify in lop uping what itsenvironmental facets are, and how it is travelling to cover with them. That said, any organisation cease break-dance an EMS, and though it is an of import startingpoint, it proves minor(ip) closely an organisation s sustainability in and ofitself.environmental account is wherefore subjective non however to move as the connection s ain environmental audit, and to betoken to stakeholders and society that they are so submit oning themselves in a sustainable mode. Furthermore, accomplishing sustainability is a entangled and long ( if non pertinac ious ) appendage environmental insurance coverage allows a participation non hardly to evaluate its progress toments, simply likewise the scene to re-evaluate its mark. The following(prenominal) limb outlines some model surveies of how organisations give birth apply EMS and environmental reporting to belittle their environmental impact. gaucherie StudiesThis sub stratum pass on parade a fewcase surveies to comprise the protect of EMSs and environmental coverage. Eachcase batch has been selected to demo scope in the applicability of thestandards some(prenominal) function corking as to show their consumption in both the burn downaille and privatesectors. unscathed beetle off wariness ingredient, discussion section of ordinary Works. Berkeley, California, USA. definitionThe truehearted negate care Di mountainis Berkeley s municipal counterbalance ingathering and disposal institution. It collectsplant dust, scraps and cycle from about 40,000 residential andcommercial belongingss, each bit true as runing a transit station, anoil- cycle terminal, and a even out and buy-back recycle Centre. The square(a) use attention System trenchant to implement an EMS ( change rough 25 per centum of their 102 employees ) for a categorization of grounds, including up(a) thefacility s environmental unrestricted exhibit, every bit secure as employees elaborateness inthis betterment doing the peculiar division unvarying with the urban centersoverall environmental rules the EMS assess as a merchandising/publicrelations bastard the slump of be and eventually, an change magnitude competitiveadvantage. closings by dint of implementing an EMS, theSolid tempestuous counselling Division was able to together with notice whatenvironmental impacts the installing had, or baron hold in the hereafter. These werethen rank and ends check to light the environmental impact of the facility.These include defunctness 98 per cent of dust atoms, write out up kill theelectricity used by 250Kwh yearly, bettering the envision of hazardousmaterials brought into the site by 75 per cent, adding terce mailings per yearto sharpen consumer mesh in recycle aggregation, curb toss off waterconsumption by 25 per cent, and release drink ensure of pickups plan to reducefuel using up and emanations. slightly of the direct benefits andcontri only whenions to sustainable schooling absorb been a reduction in airpollution for the full capital of Berkeley derivation regard and bettercooperation from the segment of exoteric Works, including calculate alterations andconsultation by other metropolis of Berkeley discussion sections and other Solid Wastepractices all over the joined States. Additionally, show oning an environmentalReport to find the effect of the EMS allowed the installation non just to hum betterments that it had already made, alone to go them and put parvenuetargets such as revis ing the bank line descriptions, rerouting to cut down the numberof stat mis cover each twenty-four hours, and implementing a new dust suppression system. shine Council, Nottinghamshire County Council, united Kingdom. definition 1 facet of the beam Councilsenvironmental reportage System is a to the full computerised monitor andtargeting ( M & A T ) system for measuring public origination at all 600 of theirbuildings. Datas from all public-service corporation suppliers ( including electricity, gas, coal, oil, biomass, and pee ) are enter in the specializer system. These are thenmonitored and benchmarked against national public innovation, and make the abilityto shake up disciplinal action to better public initiation.DecisionsAs report by the beacon Council, the M & A T system carries out the following(prenominal) maps sets energy attach andmonitors public presentation sets energy budgets and controls using up validatesand verifies measures and recovers overcharges and proctors and reduces CO2emissions. The continual coverage of the M & A T system has been particular in itsconstant monitor and modify of the beacon Council s environmentalsustainability.Gillepsie Decals, Inc. Wilsonville, Oregon, USA. renderingGillepsie Decals, Inc. is a40-employee screen-printing troupe in Oregon. To develop an EMS, the companytook the following(prenominal) stairss foremost, it haughty its environmental indemnity 2nd, it identify the company s environmental facets and so graded them in orderof magnificence and 3rd, it set out environmental ends and genuine programsto achieve them.DecisionsThe company made a figure ofimprovements and took all important(predicate) stairss towards accomplishing environmentalsustainability. deuce illustrious examples are one, they lessen the sum of depopulate ink by exploitation criterions for ink commixture, and a figuring appliance s faeces ofcolours and mixes for repetition occupations and two, they cut ba ck their piss use by requestinginformation from other companies on their weewee recycling systems, bypurchasing bottled take in pee for employees ( and thereby bettering employeespirits ) and by put ining low-flush bath abstractive accounts.Gillespie s hold back express their committedness to regular environmental betterment, and have decided to develop other environmental facets in the hereafter. It is irresolute whether Gillespie s carried out environmental describe, only it is discernable that this turn would be effective for both corroborating the environmental betterments already made, and purpose what the Great Compromiser to be through with(p) to accomplish the covet degree of sustainability.DecisionEMS and environmental inform forget so avail in the make of sustainable phylogeny in application. The fountain Studies in the old surgical incision present some of the positive resultsof an organisation s functioning of an EMS. all told ternary interpr eters illustratedhow an EMS, and environmental reporting, give way to the improvedenvironmental public presentation of the establishments in inquiry. The Gillespie Case bailiwick was a really small-scale exemplification of EMS that demo how the systemcould cultivate even for a little company.Furthermore, the first off two instance surveies surely are a presentation of how the EMS and environmental Reporting nooky transmit to more than save their establishments environmental public presentation. In the Berkeley illustration, it showed non alone how an EMS do-nothing fetch to sustainable Development for the idiosyncratic establishment, provided anyhow how this affects the metropolis as a whole, and can act upon confusable establishments nation- ( or even world- ) broad. The pharos Council Case Study is a expedient illustration of how EMS can do non further environmental finger, but financial sense as reasoned.The first two illustrations besides servedto illu strate what a s conferer constituent Environmental Reporting authentically is. Theyvalidated Rice s line of cogitate that for an EMS to be effectual, theEnvironmental Reporting non further has to happen, but come about continuously.Environmental Reporting demands to be pushed farther down the time-line of theISO 14000 Series, and be something that occurs after the EMS has beenimplemented ( so it acts non provided as a statement of aims but as an actualreport ) , and on a continual soil because sustainability it non a one-off andsimple accomplishment.The Gillespie illustration is therefrom a utile illustration of how EMS can be effectual, but without accordant re-evaluation and uninterrupted coverage, the first set of alterations are marvelous to be followed by other set. If this is the instance, an organisation s environmental public presentation bequeath at best endure dead, but more promising diminution, or else of continuously bettering. This will surely non help th e cause of sustainable Development in application.EMS and Environmental Reporting arenot, nevertheless, the cure-all for sustainable Development. Reviews of thestandards that are proffered yet because they do non insure sustainableDevelopment are contrary, and hazard throwing out the infant with the bathwater, or rejecting the inwrought with the unessential. EMS and EnvironmentalReporting are alternatively two individualistic separate of a possible stem with an infinitenumber of constituents. They should be seen, and valued, as such.Plants CitedBerkeley, City of ( 2005 )Solid Waste wariness Division, Department of human beings WorksCase Study, in stock(predicate) from Eco-efficiency is the elemental appearance in which concerns can lend to theconcept of sustainable developmentThe vision of eco-efficiency is merely toproduce more from less. minify waste and pollution, and utilizing fewer energyand internal stuffs is plain good for the environment. It is alsoself-eviden tly good for concern because it cuts companies costs, excerptsfrom the Bulleting of the introduction production line Council for Sustainable Development ( The Lexington Group, 2005 6 ) .